*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*
ALEJANDROS O MEGAS/ALEXANDER THE GREAT
*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*<>*
Elias
Kapetanopoulos, Professor Dr.
Department
of History
Central
Connecticut State University
New
Britain, CT 06050-4010
E-mail:
Kapetanopoulos@ccsu.edu
Web
site: www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/elias.htm
Research:
Athens in the Roman period, 200 B.C.-A.D. 300; early Makedon(ia)/Makedones.
----------------------------------
8
ÉOktvbr€ou 2002 > 8 October 2002 = 6
ÉOktvbr€ou 2008 > 6 October 2008
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OUTLINES of the main sources of Alexander the Great: Diodoros, Curtius
Rufus, Plutarch, Arrian, Alexander Romance [done for a course on
Alexander (which may be of some use)-scanned by Dave Gartner, Graduate
Assistant]. Typographika may remain.
All rights reserved.
Substitutions:
Hellas (ÑEllãw) (=in place of Greece) [Latin:
Graecia]
Hellenes (ÜEllhnew) (=Greeks)
[Latin: Graecus, Graeci]
Hellenic
(=Greek)
Makedones
(=Macedonians)
Makedonia
(=Macedonia)
Makedonian
(=Macedonian)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diodoros [end of 1st
c. B.C.], Bk. 17 in Two Parts [Loeb VIII, trans. by C. B. Welles]:
Contents of Part One
<<How Alexander, having
succeeded to the throne, disposed the affairs of his
kingdom (chaps. 1‑7).
How he recovered the
tribes which revolted (chap. 8. 1-2).
How he razed Thebes to the ground and terrified the Hellenes
and was
elected general
plenipotentiary of Hellas (chaps. 8. 3‑16).
How he crossed into Asia and defeated the satraps at the
river Granicus in
Phrygia (chaps. 17‑21).
How he took by siege Miletus and Halicarnassus (chaps. 22‑27).
The battle of Dareius against Alexander at Issus in Cilicia,
and the victory of
Alexander (chaps. 30‑39).
The siege of Tyre, the occupation of Egypt, and the journey
of the king to
Ammon (chaps. 40‑52).
The battle of Alexander with Dareius at Arbela and the
victory of Alexander
(chaps. 53‑61).
The battle of Antipater with the Lacedaernonians and the
victory of Antipater
(chaps. 62‑63).
Contents of Part Two
The capture of Arbela by
Alexander and the seizure of great wealth (chap. 64.
1‑3).
The refreshment of the army in
Babylon and the rewards given to those who
had distinguished
themselves in service (chap. 64. 3‑6)
The arrival of the
mercenaries and allies dispatched to him (chap. 65. 1).
The organization and
equipment of his army (chap. 65.2‑4).
How Alexander
occupied Susa and its treasures (chap. 65. 5‑66).
How he mastered the
passes and took possession of the so‑called Susian
Gates (chaps. 67‑68)
How he showed
kindness to the Hellenes who had been mutilated, and took
and sacked Persepolis (chaps. 69‑71)
How he set fire to
the palace in a revel (chap. 72)
The murder of Dareius
by Bessus (chap. 73. 1‑4).
The expedition of
Alexander into Hyrcania and an account of its marvellous
plants (chap. 75).
How Alexander took
the field against the Mardi and defeated them (chap. 76).
How Thalestris queen
of the Amazons had relations with Alexander (chap. 77.
1‑3).
How the king, thinking
himself invincible, imitated the luxury of the Persians
(chap. 77. 4‑7).
The campaign of
Alexander against the Areii who had revolted and the
capture of the "Rock" (chap. 78).
The conspiracy
against the king and the punishment of the conspirators, the
most distinguished among them being Parmenion and Philotas (chaps.
79‑80).
The
campaign of Alexander into the territory of the Paropanisadae and his
adventures there (chap. 82).
The single combat that took place in the territory of the
Areii and their
annexation (chap. 83. 1‑6).
The death of Bessus,
the murderer of Dareius (chap. 83. 7-9)
{How Alexander marched through the desert and lost many of
his men (this
and the subsequent
chapters are missing).
How the Branchidae, who of old had been settled by the
Persians on the
borders of
their kingdom, were slain by Alexander as traitors to the
Hellenes.
How the king led his troops against the Sogdiani and
Scythians.
How the chieftains of the Sogdiani, who were being led off
to execution, were
unexpectedly
saved.
How Alexander defeated the Sogdiani who had revolted and
slew more than
one hundred and
twenty thousand of them.
How he punished the Bactriani and subdued the Sogdiani a
second time and
founded cities in
suitable places to restrain any who rebelled.
The third rebellion of the Sogdiani and capture of those who
took refuge in the
"Rock."
Concerning the hunt
in Basista and the abundance of game there.
Concerning the sin
against Dionysus and the slaying of Cleitus at the
drinking bout.
Concerning the death
of Callisthenes.
The campaign of the king against the people called Nautaces
and the
destruction of the army in
heavy snow.
How Alexander, enamoured of Roxane, daughter of Oxyartes,
married her and
persuaded numbers
of his friends to marry the daughters of the
prominent Iranians
[=barbarians].
Preparation for the
campaign against the Indians.
Invasion of India and complete annihilation of their first
nation in order to
overawe the rest.
How he benefited the city named Nysia because of his
relationship to it
through Dionysus}
How, after plundering the stronghold of Massaca, he cut down
all the
mercenaries
although they fought magnificently (chap. 84).
How he took by assault the Rock called Aornus, which had
always proved
impregnable (chap.
85).
How he won over to his side Taxiles, king of the Indians,
and in a great
engagement
defeated Porus, took him prisoner and gave him back his
throne because of
his gallant conduct (chaps. 86‑89).
An account of the marvellous serpents in the country and of
the fruits which
grow there (chap.
90).
How he won over to his side many of the neighbouring tribes
and defeated
others (chap. 91.
1‑4).
How he subdued the country that was subject to Sopeithes
(chap. 91. 4).
Concerning the good government of the cities in this country
(chap. 91. 4‑6).
Concerning the excellence of the dogs presented to Alexander
(chap. 92).
Concerning the story told by the king of the Indians (chap.
93. 1‑3).
How, when Alexander desired to cross the Ganges River and
march against
the people
called Gandaridae, the Makedones mutinied (chaps. 93.
4‑94).
How, after marking the furthest point reached by his army,
the king visited the
remaining regions
of the Indians (chap. 95).
How he sailed down the Indus River to the southern Ocean,
and almost died
of an arrow wound
(chaps. 96‑99).
Concerning the single combat that issued from a challenge
(chaps.
100‑101).
Concerning the Indians whom he conquered on both banks of
the river as far
as the Ocean
(chaps. 10!2‑103).
Concerning the marvels and practices found among the
inhabitants and
about the men who
live a brutish existence (chaps. 104‑106. 3).
How the naval expedition through the Ocean rejoined
Alexander as he was
encamped by the
sea and gave an account of their voyage (chap. 106.
4‑7).
How again setting sail they skirted a long expanse of
coastline (chap. 107. 1).
How he selected thirty thousand young Persians, trained them
in military
exercises and
formed them into a counterpart of his Makedonian
phalanx (chap.
108.1‑3).
How Harpalus, who was accused of luxurious living and
excessive
expenditures, fled
from Babylon and sought the protection of the people
of Athens (chap.
108. 4‑7).
How he fled from Attica and was killed ; he had deposited
seven hundred
talents of his
money with the Athenians and placed four thousand
talents and
eight thousand mercenaries on
Taenarum in Laconia
(chap. 108. 7‑8).
How Alexander, having paid the debts of his veteran
Makedones, which cost
him ten thousand talents, returned them to
their homes (chap. 109.
1‑12).
How the Makedones revolted and he punished their ringleaders
(chap. 109.
2-3).
How Peucestes brought to Alexander ten thousand bowmen and
slingers
whom he had
recruited from among the Persians (chap. 110. 2).
How the king reorganized his army by intermingling Persians
with
Makedoness (chap.
110. 1).
How he paid expenses and educational fees for all the
soldiers' children, ten
thousand in number
(chap. 110. 3).
How Leosthenes made preparations for starting a war against
the
Makedoness (chap.
Ill. 1‑3).
How Alexander campaigned against the Cossaeans (chap. 111. 4‑6).
How, as the king was on his way to Babylon, the Chaldaeans
prophesied to
Alexander that he
would die if he entered Babylon (chap. 112. 1‑3).
How the king at first was frightened and passed Babylon by,
but later,
persuaded by the
Hellenes philosophers, entered the city (chap. 112.
4‑6).
Concerning the multitude of embassies that arrived there
(chap. 113).
Concerning the funeral of Hephaestion and the large sum
expended on it
(chaps. 114‑115)
Concerning the omens that appeared to Alexander and
concerning his death
(chaps. 116‑118).>>
-----------------------
Curtius [middle
1st c. A.D., it seems], The
History of Alexander (transl. by John
Yardley [introduction/notes by W.
Heckel], Penguin Classics,1984)
Bks. I‑II, Summaries,
pp. 19‑25.
Bk. III, pp. 26‑49:
26‑27 (1): Darius at the
Euphrates ‑ most of western Asia Minor conquered by Alexander. Gordian knot.
28‑29 (2): Darius numbers his
forces ‑ Charidemus, the Athenian, put to death.
29‑31(3):
death of Memnon. Thymondas in command of Hellenic troops under Darius. Darius'
dream. Persian army and Makedones compared.
31‑33(4):
Alexander at the Cilician Gates ‑ at Tarsus.
33‑34(5):
Alexander seriously ill - against
slow remedies.
34‑36(6):
Philip, the faithful physician ‑ Parmenio's letter not to trust Philip.
36‑37(7):
Alexander at Soli ‑ games to Asklepios and Athena. Decides to fight at Issus.
37‑40(8):
Patron, commander of Hellenic troops ‑ Patron's motives questioned ‑ Darius meets
Makedones at Issus.
40‑41(9):
description of forces at Issus.
41‑42(10):
Alexander extents his troops. Makedones, Hellenes, et alii.
42‑47(12):
the battle ‑ Persians routed.
44‑47(12):
Darius' family in Alexander's hands ‑ buries dead - visits Darius' family.
47‑49(13):
at Damascus Parmenio gets Darius' treasures.
Bk. IV, PP. 50‑91:
50‑53(1):
Darius to the Euphrates ‑ Alexander marches down the Syrian coast ‑ letter of
Darius‑ ‑ Sidon ‑ Amyntas, the deserter, killed by Persians.
54‑56(2):
siege of Tyre.
56‑59(3):
siege of Tyre ‑ causeway.
59‑61(4):
sea monster ‑ capture of Tyre.
61‑63(5):
Darius' peace offer ‑ crown for Alexander at Isthmian games ‑ governors are
appointed.
63‑66(6):
capture of Gaza.
66‑69(7): Alexander in Egypt ‑ visit to
oracle of Zeus‑Ammon.
69‑702): Foundation of ALEXANDRIA.
70‑73(9): Darius at Arbela with a large
force.
73‑75(10):
Alexander against Darius ‑ death of Darius' wife.
76‑77(11):
Darius' peace offer – 30.000 talents ‑ Parmenio's advice.
77‑79(12):
Darius' huge army frightening the Makedones ‑ no turn back.
79‑83(13):
Alexander will fight open warfare ‑ sleeps calmly - line of battle.
83‑85(14):
Alexander and Darius address their armies.
85‑88(15):
description of the battle of Gaugamela – Darius flees.
88‑91(16):
Alexander to the aid of Parmenio(n) ‑ saved from great peril
Bk. V, pp. 92‑117:
92‑96(1):
Darius heads for Media ‑ Alexander captures Arbela - goes to Babylon.
96‑97(2):
contest in military valor ‑ takes Susa and its treasures.
98‑100(3):
Uxii are defeated ‑ Ariobarzanes opposes Alexander at the Susian Gates.
100‑102(4):
Alexander defeats Persians.
103‑105(5):
takes Persepolis‑ ‑ frees 4.000 Hellenic prisoners.
105‑107(6):
Persepolis plundered ‑ subjection of Mardi.
107‑108(7):
burning of palace at PERSEPOLIS.
108‑109(8):
Darius' whereabouts.
109‑111(9):
Darius supported by Hellenic troops ‑ Bessus – Nabar – zanes’ escape.
111‑112(10):
Bessus'‑Nabarzanes' plot against Darius.
112‑113(11):
plot revealed to Darius.
113‑115(12):
Bessus seizes Darius.
115‑117(13):
Alexander to Darius ‑ Darius stabbed to death by Bessus, et alii.
Bk. VI, pp. 118‑145:
118‑119(1):
Agis' war ‑ Alexander pardons Lacedaemonians.
119-121(2):
Alexander and his adoption of foreign habits.
121‑123(3):
Alexander reviews his accomplishments.
123‑125(4):
the soldiers urge Alexander on – Caspian Sea.
125‑128(5):
spares Hellenes ‑ QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS.
128‑131(6):
Alexander's habits offend‑Makedones – campaigns against barbarians.
131‑133(7):
conspiracy ‑ Dymnus ‑ Cebalinus.
133‑135(8):
Philotas affair.
136‑138(9):
Philotas accused.
139‑141(10):
Philotas denies charges.
142‑145(11):
Philotas' forced confession.
Bk. VII, pp. 146‑175:
146‑149(l):
Alexander Lyncestes.
150‑153(2):
death of PARMENION.
153‑155(3):
Mt. Parapanisus ‑ Alexandria.
155‑158(4):
Bessus flees ‑ combat of Satibarzanes and Erigyius.
158‑161(5):
capture of Bessus.
162‑164(6):
Sogdiana subdued - Alexandria.
164‑167(7):
Alexander wounded - Scythians ‑ loss of 2.500 horsemen.
167‑169(8):
envoys from Scythians.
169‑171(9):
defeats Scythians.
171‑173(10):
Sogdiana‑Bactra‑Bessus‑ six cities founded.
173‑175(11): capture of crag of
Arimaza.
Bk. VIIII pp. 176‑211:
176‑180(l):
Scythian king's daughter offered to Alexander ‑ the CLEITUS AFFAIR.
180‑183(2):
Alexander repents.
183‑184(3):
Spitamenes' wife brings her husand's head to Alexander.
184‑187(4):
Alexander's endurance and courage ‑ marries ROXANE.
187‑189(5):
Callisthenes ‑ proskynesis (prostration).
189‑192(6):
conspiracy of Hermolaus ‑ Callisthenes imprisoned.
192‑193(7):
Hermolaus accuses Alexander.
193‑195(8):
Alexander replies ‑ death of CALLISTHENES and other conspirators is
ordered.
196‑198(9):.
Alexander marches into India ‑ description of India.
198‑201(10):
princes of India submit - wounded at Magazae - admits his mortality.
201‑203(11):
captures crag of Aornos - not captured previously by Herakles.
203‑204(12):
crosses the Indus.
205‑207(13):
at the Hydaspes ‑ war on Porus.
207‑211(14):
defeat of Porus ‑ Alexander's clemency.
Bk. IX, pp. 212‑237:
212‑214(1):
Alexander at the Hyphasis river.
215‑217(2):
soldiers refuse to go further.
218‑22O(3):
Coenus supports the soldiers ‑ Alexander decides to turn back ‑ DEATH OF
COENUS.
220‑222(4):
soldiers restless ‑ defeats the Malli(ans).
222‑225(5):
Alexander severely wounded ‑ rescued by his Companions.
225‑227(6):
urged to look after himself and the public interest.
227‑230(7):
revolt of Hellenes in Bactriana ‑ duel of CORRATAS and DIOXIPPUS.
Dioxippus kills himself,
230‑232(8):
Alexander sails down the Indus. Ptolemy is wounded.
232‑235(9):
Alexander at the OCEAN.
235‑237(10):
Nearchus by sea ‑ Alexander by land ‑ Bacchanal procession. (back to Susa).
Bk. X, pp. 238‑257:
238‑241(1):
severity toward corrupt governors ‑ revolt of Odrysian Thrace.
241‑244(2):
Alexander plans to go to Athens - pays soldiers' debts ‑ quells mutiny in camp.
244‑245(3):
punishes mutineers ‑ praises foreign soldiers.
245(4):
order to throw conspirators into the river.
245‑248(5):
at his DEATHBED ‑ ring is given to PERDICCAS ‑ directs his body
to be taken to AMMON ‑ summary of his good and bad qualities.
248‑250(6):
who is to succeed Alexander.
250‑252(7):
Meleager favors Arrhidaeus ‑ expected son of Roxane ‑ Perdiccas‑Leonnatus
regents.
252‑254(8):
Meleager incites Arrhidaeus against Perdiccas.
254‑255(9):
lustration of army ‑ Perdiccas kills Meleager.
255‑257(10):
Alexander's empire partitioned. Rumor that Alexander was poisoned. Body
embalmed ‑ Ptolemy takes it to Memphis and later to Alexandria.
-------------------------
Plutarch [ca.
50-125 A.D.], Life of Alexander
(Penguin Classics: Plutarch: The
Age of Alexander,
transl. by Ian Scott-Kilvert, pp. 252‑334).
1. Why the Life of Alexander ‑ p. 252
2. Alexander's descent ‑ 252
3. Omens before his birth ‑ 254
4. Official sculptor of Alexander ‑ 255
5. Early signs of leadership 256
6. Bucephalas ‑ 257
7. Alexander under Aristotle 258
8. Aristotle's influence on Alexander ‑
259
9. Regent of Makedonia at sixteen ‑ 260
10. The Pixodarus affair ‑
262
11. At twenty king
of Makedonia ‑ 263
12. Sacking of
Thebes ‑ 264
13. Alexander‑Athenians
‑ 265
14. Congress of
Hellenic states ‑ 266
15. His army ‑ 267
16. River Granicus
– 268-269
17. Implication(s)
of River Granicus 270
18. March
through Asia Minor ‑ 271
19. Darius‑Alexander‑Cilicia
‑ 272
20. Darius‑Alexander‑Cilicia
– 273
21. Darius'
family prisoners ‑ 275
22. Sale of
beautiful boys ‑ 276
23. Moderate in
drinking ‑ 277
24. After Issus‑Damascus
‑ 278
25. Siege of
Tyre ‑ 280
26. Iliad
most precious possession - 281
27. Zeus Ammon ‑
283
28. Alexander:
barbarians‑Hellenes - 284
29. Letter of
Darius to Alexander - 285
30. Alexander remorseful
because of Darius' wife's death - 286
31. Advance
against Darius ‑ 287
32. Alexander‑Parmenio‑engagement
‑ 289
33. Gaugamela ‑
290
34. Gaugamela
seen as end of Persian empire ‑ 291
35. Babylonia ‑
292
36. Susa ‑ 293
37. Beyond Susa
‑ 294
38. Against
Darius (spring of 330 B.C.) - 295
39. Alexander
generous ‑ 296
40. Luxurious
habits of companions ‑ 297
41. Risking‑exercising
‑ 298
42. Time for
letters ‑ 299
43. Alexander
ahead of his men - 300
44. Hyrcania ‑
301
45. Barbarian
dress (Parthia) - 301
46. Queen of
Amazons ‑ 302
47. Concerned
about will of Makedones 303
48. Philotas ‑
304
49. Philotas ‑
30
50. Cleitus
affair ‑ 307
51. Cleitus affair ‑ 308
52. Alexander sulking ‑ 309
53. Callisthenes ‑ 310
54. Reasons of quarrel ‑
311
55. Callisthenes ‑ 312
56. Demaratus ‑
313: Woe to the Hellenes who died before Alexander.
57. India ‑ 314
58. Casualties ‑
315
59. Taxiles ‑
316
60. Porus ‑ 317
61. Death of
Bucephalas ‑ 318
62. Troops
unwilling to continue ‑ 319
63. Outer ocean
‑ 320
64. Indian
philosophers ‑ 321
65. Indian
philosophers ‑ 322
66. Mouth of
Indus ‑ 323
67. March
through Carmania ‑ 324
68. Nearchus‑Alexander
join ‑ 325
69. Money to
women ‑ Calanus ‑ 326
70. Marriages ‑
327
71. 30.000 boys
trained in Hellenic language‑Makedonian fighting 328
72. Literary‑artistic
exhibitions (contests) ‑ 329
73. Alexander
at Babylon 330
74. Alexander
suspicious 331
75‑ Alexander‑supernatural
‑ 331
76. His
sickness ‑ 332
77. Death‑Roxane
‑ 333
---------------------------
Plutarch [ca. 50-125 A.D.], On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander
(Moralia,
326D‑345B, transl. by F. C. Babbitt, Loeb IV)
I. 1: Alexander, Fortune's
(Tyche's) handiwork.
2: Alexander's reply to
Fortune ‑ enumerates his deeds.
3: difficulties before his
expedition: Hellas gasping over Philip's wars. Thebes helped by Athens ‑
Makedonia festering with revolt - looking toward Amyntas and Aeropos' sons.
Illyrians‑Scythians. Persian gold ‑ Philip's treasures bare of money ‑ owing
200 talents ‑ though a stripling hoped for Babylon and Susa. relying on'30‑000
foot, 4.000 horse (Aristobulus). King Ptolemy: 30‑000 foot, 5.000 horse ‑
Anaximenes: 43‑000 foot, 5.500 horse. War chest: 70 talents (Aristobulus) ‑
Duris: provision for 30 days.
4: Philosophy equipped Alexander with greatness of soul, keen
intelligence, self‑restraint, manly courage. Aristotle equipped him more than
Philip. Iliad‑Odyssey, equipment for his campaigns. His true
equipment, philosophic teaching. Established Hellenic cities among savage nations.
5: Plato, Socrates
conversed with pupils who knew Hellenic. Alexander civilized Asia. Indians
worshipping Hellenic gods. Persians‑Susianians‑Gedrosians chanting tragedies of
Sophocles and Euripides. Bactria and Caucasus learned to revere Hellenic gods.
Sowed all Asia with Hellenic magistracies. Alexandrias in Egypt and else.
6: Zeno's Republic:
men of one community and one polity. Alexander effected this. Alexander did not
follow Aristotle's advice: treat Hellenes as if you were their leader, others
as if you were their master ‑ regard Hellenes‑ as friends and kindred, others
as though plants or animals. Hellenics and foreigners should not be
differentiated by chlamys (cloak), targe, or scimitar and jacket.
Distinguishing mark of Hellenic, virtue ‑ of the foreigner, iniquity.
7: Demaratus of Corinth
seeing Alexander in Susa exclaimed: All the Hellenes who had died before that
hour had been deprived of a great joy, since they had not seen Alexander seated
on Darius' throne. Plutarch would rather have been present at the marriage
rite, when an hundred Persian brides and an hundred Makedonian and Hellenic
bridegrooms, united at a common hearth and board (Life of Alexander, lxx
(703E); Arrian, Anabasis, vii.4; Diodorus, xvii.107.6; Athenaeus, 538B‑E Aelian,
Varia Historia, viii.7 (elsewhere number is not 100~.
8: Alexander preferred
Persian raiment ‑ wore a composite dress of Persian and Makedonian fashion ‑ to
acquire the goodwill of the conquered by showing respect for their apparel.
9: Plan and design of
expedition commends Alexander as a philosopher in his purpose ‑poets attempt to
show his power and not his moderation (on his portraits and statues), another
has Alexander say: I am the son of Zeus. But let's review Alexander's genuine
sayings ‑ Olympic games ‑ Philip's wounding by Triballians.
10: Iliad, iii.179: Both things
is he; both goodly king and a warrior mighty ‑ describing Agamemnon, but
Alexander, too. His visit to Troy. Alexander rejects Paris' lyre. Awed and
astounded with the life and worth of Diogenes ‑ "If I were not Alexander,
I should be Diogenes." Purpose: combine foreign things with things
Hellenic, civilize every continent, push bounds of Makedonia to the Ocean,
disseminate and shower blessings of Hellenic justice and peace over every
nation. I imitate Herakles, emulate Perseus and follow in the footsteps of
Dionysus ‑ and victorious Hellenes dance again in India. Stamp foreign states
with the impress of Hellenic government.
11: Do Alexander's deeds reveal a
caprice of Fortune? In Alexander, the warlike is also humane, the mild also
manly, etc. When Asked Porus, the latter replied to be treated "Like a
King." Enamored with Roxane, made her his wife. "Like a
philosopher."
12: Alexander indignantly rejects the
suggestion to send him the most beautiful youth in Ionia. Xenocrates is admired
for returning to Alexander the 50 talents, but Alexander for his gesture.
NATURE is prone to lead men to GOOD. Philosophers different from common men.
Philosophers fortified by such conceptions as "Best is one omen" (Iliad,
xii.243) and "Death is the end for all men." Crises destroy all
calculations, etc.
II. 1: Alexander's age
produced many artistic achievements and many men of great talent. But perhaps
this was not of Alexander's good fortune (tyche). Conclusion: artists
distinguished themselves not because they lived in Alexander's age, but because
of what Alexander did for them. Examples of other individuals. Philip petty and
childish in these matters (argued with a harp‑player).
2: Alexander knew when to
be a spectator and listener and when to play the chief role ‑ always formidable
in arms ("sturdy contender in arms, baleful to the opponents"). This
he inherited from his ancestors the Aeacidae and Herakles. Thettalus‑Athenodorus,
tragic actors, competing, Alexander's generals as judges. Athenodorus won ‑
Alexander's saying. Other examples involving artists. Greatly influenced by the
flute played by Antigenides. Apelles and Lysippus, Alexander's painter and
sculptor respectively. Alexander often looked toward the heavens ‑ slight
inclination of head to one side ‑ epigram. Stasicrates, mastersculptor,
accompanied Alexander in Asia ‑ wanted to sculpt Mt. Athos into Alexander ‑
Alexander declines.
3: Imagine if such a work
had been completed and made evident to men's eyes. What Nature provides and
teaches. Fortune, too, frequently bestowing on cowards and fools military
forces and dominions, emblazons and commends Virtue, etc. Comparison of
Semiramis and Sardanapalus (woman‑man). Statue of Phryne, the hetaera, at
Delphi (Crates: Hellenic licentiousness). Aridaeus, etc.
4: Fortune makes men
petty, timid and abject in spirit. Yet baseness is not to be charged to
misfortune, and courage and intelligence to good fortune. But Alexander's reign
magnified Fortune. What Leosthenes said. Men, like Perdiccas‑Meleager‑Seleucus‑Antigonus,
held Alexander's forces (after his death) ‑but at length it wasted and maggots
emerged. Alexander rebuked Hephaestion for his quarrel with Craterus.
5: Greatness lies, not in the
possession of good things, but in the use of them. But who could make Aridaeus
great? Meleager set him
on the throne. The eunuch Bagoas. The ability to sustain and administer
great authority is the mark of a man who possesses virtue, sense and
intelligence. Alexander possessed this virtue, whom some accuse of drunkenness
and a passion for wine. Alexander, a truly great man ‑ sober in the conduct of
afLairs ‑ nor did authority and power made him drunk and a reveller. Cleitus
called himself Poseidon. Demetrius allowed to be called "The Heaven‑descended,"
etc. ‑ other examples: LysimachusClearchus‑Dionysius, et alii.
6: Alexander had breakfast
at daybreak seated, etc. Married Roxane, because he loved her; and Stateira,
Darius' daughter, for imperial and political reasons ‑ exercised self‑control
toward other Persian women, or women in general. Lamented the death of Darius'
wife ‑ others mistook his humanity for wrongdoing. Darius believed Alexander's
victory to be through Fortune. After studying matter, changed his mind: may I
(Darius be more humane than Alexander and grant, oh Zeus, that Alexander, than
anyone else, seat on Cyrus' throne. Thus, Darius adopted Alexander.
7: Men prevail through Virtue
(arete). His deeds may be ascribed to Fortune ‑ being temperate, self‑controlled,
not impregnable to pleasure, nor invulnerable to desire ‑ these not Fortune's
gift. By these qualities Alexander defeated Darius. Darius yielded in virtue
and greatness of soul, in prowess and justice ‑ marveled at Alexander's
invincibility in pleasure, in toil, in the bestowal of favors. (A)tarrias and
his supposed debt. Antigenes, though not wounded, joined those returning to
Makedonia. Philotas and the hetaera Antigona who reported what he said.
Alexander keeps it within himself for some 7 years. Hephaestion reading with
Alexander Olympias' letter.
8:. Made the most regal use of
his authority. Fortune (Tyche) made him great, but made good use of his Fortune
(Tyche). Through his Virtue (arete) Alexander became worthy of his Fortune. The
first steps in Alexander's advancement. Men asserting that Alexander became
great through Fortune's instrumentality. Examples which speak against this
(Darius‑Xerxes‑Oarses‑the archons chosen by lot at Athens ‑ Argos: Heracleidae ‑
Paphos: the elevation of Abdalonymus to king by Alexander).
9: Alexander's greatness
through just merits, sweat, blood, a price, labor examples to support this.
Frankness (Parresia) questioning Fortune (Tyche) on Alexander's exploits.
Examples disimilar to Alexander: Antiochus, Artaxerxes, Ptolemy Philadelphus,
set on throne because of good fortune. Alexander smitten all over his body ‑
where these happened. Alexander casually reports it to Antipater.
10: One may say that Fortune exalted
and made him great through what happened to him ‑ the exposure of his body ‑
Alexander felt the hand of Fortune more heavily ‑ other rulers were destroyed,
but toward Alexander Fortune's ill‑will became but contentious and quarrelsome
... (cf. Herakles). Fortune raised giants‑monsters to oppose Alexander, but
Alexander met them valiantly ‑examples.
11: Through Fortune Alexander almost
lost the repute of being Ammon's son ‑ compared to Herakles and his painful
Labors. Virtue laid upon Alexander the royal Labor, whose aim was not gold,
Persian luxury, banquets, women, wine ..., but to order all men by one law and
to render them submissive to one rule and accustomed to one manner of Life.
This was implanted in him from childhood. Philip‑Persian ambassadors‑Alexander's
questioning. After Philip's death, Fortune confronted Alexander, as he was
preparing to cross into Asia ‑ wars with Illyrians and Triballians ‑ Ister‑Scythia
‑Thebes, where through necessity punished and slaughtered kith and kin. Set out
for Asia with 30 days provisions (Phylarchus), 70 talents (Aristobulus).
Divided the greater part of his possessions and royal revenues at home among
his friends. Perdiccas‑Alexander.
12: What were Alexander's hopes when he
crossed into Asia? Not an enormous army, but a little army of rivalry‑competition‑excellence.
His high hopes: reverence for the gods, fidelity toward his friends, frugality,
self‑control, experience, fearlessness toward death, etc. Homer: Agamemnon. God
who begat Alexander may have made his natural endowment a harmonious
combination of virtues ‑ but Alexander possessed Cyrus' high spirit, Agesilaus'
discretion, Themistocles' intelligence, Philip's experience, Brasidas' daring,
Pericles' eloquence and statesmanship. More self‑restrained than Agamemnown ‑
more magnanimous than Achilles ‑ more reverent than Diomedes ‑ more deeply
mourned than Odysseus.
13: If Solon's statesmanship,
Miltiades' generalship, Aristides, justice were Fortune's, then in these men
there was no work of Virtue. But if they became great through Virtue and
reason, then compare Alexander with them. Solon's seisachtheia‑Alexander's
payment of soldiers' debts. Pericles with Hellenic money adorned the Acropolis ‑
Alexander with barbarian moneys ordered construction of temples in Hellas.
Brasidas became renowed in Hellas, but Alexander in the country of the
Oxydrachae (the Mallians). Here Fortune made manifest the result of her
kindliness toward Alexander. What happened there ‑ Alexander, Fortune's favorite,
caught within the walls like a wild beast with no succor. Contentious and
malicious Fortune favored the barbarians and hated Alexander and tried to
destroy him in everything. Alexander would not have died an inglorious death,
if he had fallen beside the Euphrates, etc. ‑Pelopidas and Epameinondas
suffered glorious death belonging to Virtue, not to misfortune. But Fortune was
now preparing for Alexander an inglorious death in an obscure hamlet (what
happened there). How Alexander defended himself –Limnaios-Ptolemy‑Leonnatus‑others,
a bulwark of Virtue. Not due to Fortune did Companions risked their lives for
their king, but because of a passion (eros) for Virtue (arete). A spectator
would have witnessed a mighty contest between Fortune and Virtue. Barbarians
prevailing through Fortune, but the Hellenes through Virtue. If the barbarians
prevail, it will be through Fortune, but if the Hellenes, through Virtue
(arete). Here Fortune became a barrier between Alexander and his men. Finally,
the Makedones routed the barbarians. Alexander carried out of the battlefield,
with the arrow in his vitals. Tries to cut off arrow, but his hand unsteady.
Urged the others to do it. And aloud he cried to his Companions: "Let no
one be faint‑hearted even for my sake! For it will not be believed that I do
not fear death, if you fear death for me!"
------------------------
Arrian [middle
2nd c. A.D.], The Campaigns of
Alexander (tansl. by Aubrey de
Sélincourt [revised with
introduction/notes by J.R. Hamilton], Penguin Classics,1971)
Bk.
I, pp. 41‑100:
41:
Preface
42‑43: (1) Assumes leadership of
Community of Hellenic States - against Thrace, Triballians and Illyrians.
44‑45: (2) against Triballians
46: (3):
at the Ister (Danube) river ‑ Celts
47‑48: (4) Crossed the Ister ‑
Getae
49‑51: (5) against the Agrianians
and Paeonians. LangarusTaulantians‑Glaucias,
52‑53: (6) Draw up of phalanx ‑
Taulantians ‑ attacks Cleitus and Glaucias.
54‑56: (6) Thebes affair.
57‑59: (8) Thebes affair
60‑62: (9) Thebes ‑ greatest
disaster..
63:
(10)
Reaction of other Hellenic states.
64‑66: (11) Returns to Makedonia ‑
in the spring (334 B.C.) sets out for Asia.
67‑68: (12) Visit to Troy ‑
Memnon advises Persians not to risk war with Alexander.
69‑70: (13) toward the Granicus.
71:
(14) “
“
“
72‑73: (15) “
“
“
74‑75: (16) “
“
“
76‑77: (17) toward Sardes Ephesus
78‑80: (18) representatives‑of
Magnesia and Tralles. Miletus.
81‑82: (19) Miletus ‑ enemy
attacks from Mycale.
83‑85: (20) Alexander disbands
his navy ‑ toward Caria. Halicarnassus.
86:
(21)
Halicarnassus.
87‑88: (22) 11
89: (23)
Ada, satrap of Caria.
90‑91: (24), newly married
Makedones sent back to Makedonia for the winter. Moves into Lycia and
Pamphylia.
92‑93: (25) Reported treachery of
Alexander son of Aeropos. Amyntas who had deserted to the Persians. Omen at
Halicarnassus. Arrest of Alexander son of Aeropos.
94:
(26)
Toward Side and Aspendus.
95‑96: (27) at Aspendus ‑ to
Perga, from there toward Phrygia by Telmissus.
97:
(28)
at Sagalassus (Pisidia).
98‑100: (29)
enters Phrygia ‑ toward Gordium. Athenian captives not released by Alexander.
Bk.
II, pp. 101‑147:
101: (1) Memnon
appointed by Darius commander‑in‑chief to divert war into Hellas and Makedonia.
102‑103: (2)
Movements of Persians ‑ Antipater's moves to protect Hellas and islands.
104-105: (3),
Gordian knot.
106-107: (4)
Galatia‑Cappadocia‑river Halys. Cilicia. Alexander ill from fatigue. Philip,
the doctor.
108: (5)
Parmenio , to secure other Gates‑Cilicia/Assyria. at Soli ‑ sacrifice to
Asklepios ‑Tarsus.
109‑110: (6)
Darius near Assyrian Gates. Alexander near Myriandrus ‑ Amyntas advises Darius.
Darius thinks Alexander will not advance further.
111‑113.: (7)
Darius toward Issus ‑ Alexander addresses the troops.
114‑115: (8)
Alexander waits ‑ Darius responds to Alexander's moves. Persian force: 600.000.
Alexander's posting of troops.
116‑117: (9)
Alexander rearranges his cavalry.
118: (10)
Alexander leads his forces. The battle.
119‑120: (11)
Battle ‑ Darius flees ‑ casualties.
121‑122: (12)
Alexander visits the wounded. Visits Darius' family.
123‑124: (13)
Darius' flight ‑ Persians at Chios ‑ Alexander at Hollow Syria ‑ toward
Phoenicia.
125‑127: (14)
Darius' letter ‑ Alexander's letter to Darius hegemon of the Hellenes.
128: (15)
capture of Hellenic envoys with Darius ‑ to Byblus and Sidon.
129‑130: (16)
at Tyre ‑ Tyrian Herakles.
131: (17)
Alexander's speech ‑ affairs in Hellas.
132‑133: (18)
attack on Tyre ‑ mole.
134: (19)
Tyrians counterattack.
135‑136: (20)
Triremes from Gerostratus‑Enylos‑Rhodes‑Makedonia. Mt. Antilibanus. Tyrians do
not meet Alexander on the sea.
137‑138: (21)
engineers‑engines for siege. Tyrians resist.
139: (22)
Tyrians attack ships ‑ Alexander attacks Tyrians engines brought against wall.
140: (23
engines brought aboard ships ‑ gangways upon the walls.
141‑142: (24)
Tyrians retreat ‑ at Shrine of Agenor ‑ massacrethose in Temple of Herakles
spared ‑ Tyre captive.
143: (25)
offers from Darius, ceding lands west of Euphrates. Parmenio‑Alexander.
Alexander replies. On to Egypt.
144‑145: (26)
Gaza.
146‑147: (27)
siege of Gaza Alexander
wounded ‑ Gaza taken.
Bk.
III, pp. 148‑200:
148: (1)
Alexander at Egypt Memphis ‑ athletic and literary contest at site of future
Alexandria.
149‑150: (2)
story about foundation of Alexandria. Tenedos, Chios join Alexander.
151: (3) visit
to Ammon in Libya. Ptolemy, serpents ‑ Aristobulus, crows guiding.
152‑153: (4)
Temple of Ammon back to Memphis.
154:
Hellenic embassies at Memphis ‑ arranges affairs of Egypt and Libya. Romans
learned from Alexander.
155‑157: (6)
Spring (of 331 B.C.) sets out for Phoenicia. at Tyre ‑athletic‑literary
contest. Paralus, Athenian captives freed. Revolt (in Alexander’s favor) in the
Peloponnese. Harpalus in charge of moneys. (Alexander under Philip's
suspicion).
158: (7)
at Thapsacus. The river bridged. Marching through Mesopotamia. Hastens to the
Tigris. Total eclipse of moon ‑sacrifice to Moon, Sun, Earth. Interpretation of
eclipse.
159‑160: (8)
Alexander moves quickly ‑ takes captives ‑ Darius not far off. Darius' forces
(40.000 horse, 1.000.000 foot, 200 scythe‑chariots).. Darius at Gaugamela (600
stadia from Arbela).
161‑162: (9)
Darius prepares for battle ‑ Alexander draws up his phalanx (30 stadia away).
Alexander surveys the battlefield ground. How they were to fight.
163: (10)
His commanders assure him ‑ a night attack is rejected ‑reasons.
164‑165: (11)
Darius marshalled all night ‑ how Darius' army is arranged ‑ Alexander's army.
166: (12)
Alexander's second reserve line ‑ disposition of right and left wings.
(Alexander's army, 7.000 horse, 40.000 foot)..
167: (13)
armies near each other ‑ movement of troops ‑ attack of scythe‑chariots
168‑169: (14)
maneuvering ‑ routing of Persians ‑ Makedonian left in trouble, line broken.
Darius' flight.
170‑171: (15)
Parmenio requests help ‑ 60 Companions fell ‑ Hephaestion‑Coenus‑Menidas
wounded. Thessalian cavalry in action ‑ Alexander pursues Darius ‑ at Arbela.
Casualties at Gaugamela. (Oct. 331 B.C.).
172‑174: (16)
Darius fled to Media. Toward Babylon ‑ enters city ‑sets for Susa ‑ treasure:
50‑000 talents of silver ‑bronze statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton. Torch
race‑athletic contest.
175: (17)
at the land of the Uxians.
176‑178: (18)
at the Persian Gates ‑ guarded by Ariobarzanes ‑attacks the wall ‑ Alexander
takes the Persian Gates. Palace burnt at Persepolis ‑ why.
179‑180: (10
toward Media where Darius was reported. at Ecbatana. Har alus in charge of
treasure.
181: (203)
against Darius who had passed the Campian Gates. Alexander, too.
182‑183: (21)
Bessus arrests Darius ‑ Alexander on hot pursuit. Bessus king of Persia.
Hellenic mercenaries faithful to Darius. Darius to be traded. Alexander presses
on. death of Darius (July 330 B.C.).
184‑185: (22)
Alexander sends Darius' body to Persepolis. Description of Darius (about 50
years old).
186‑187: (23)
toward Hyreania. against the Tapurians. Alexander advances to Zadracarta
(Hyrcania). Envoys from Hellenic mercenaries (about 1500) Alexander accepts
them.
188: (24)
against the Mardians ‑ arrival of mercenary Hellenes. Lacedaemonian‑Athenian
envoys (their treatment). How he dealt with Hellenes.
189‑190: (25)
toward Zadracarta (Hyrcania). Bessus reported wearing his cap royal fashion,
etc, Alexander toward Bactria. (Nicanor, son of Parmenio, dead). Massacre of
Anaxippus and mounted javelin‑men. advances‑against Satiberzanes. Those
responsible for revolt punished.
191: (26)
Philotas affair.
192‑193: (27)
Amyntas brought to trial, et alii. Hephaestion and Cleitus appointed over
Companions. Ariaspians‑Benefactors. Sacrifice to Apollo.
194‑195: (28)
toward Bactria and against Bessus. Single combat of Satibarzanes and Erigyius.
at "Hindu‑Kush" (Caucasus) ‑Alexandria. On Mt. Caucasus ‑ Bessus
ravaging the country ‑ determined on flight.
196: (29)
to Aornos and Bactra ‑ Oxus river ‑ description. Veterans sent home ‑ crossing
of Oxus.. Ptolemy, son of Lagus.
197‑200: (30)
capture of Bessus. Alexander questions Bessus-to be put to death at Bactra.
Toward Maracanda. On to Tanais (Jaxartes) ‑ description of river. Makedones cut
down ‑Alexander wounded in the leg. Those responsible punished.
Bk.
IV, pp. 201‑254:
201: (1)
Abian Scythians ‑ to found a city by the Tanais. Revolt in Sogdiana‑Bactria.
202: (2)
Alexander against the rebels ‑ at Gaza.
203‑204: (3)
captures 5 cities ‑ against Cyropolis ‑ 7th city captured. Asian Scythians at
Tanais. Spitamenes besiegin Marakanda.
205‑207: (4)
to found city ‑ settling Hellenic mercenaries. Scythians challenge Alexander.
Sacrifices not favorable. Motres against Scythians. Great thirst ‑ diarrhoea ‑
saves army.
208‑209: (5)
envoys from the Scythians, apologizing. Siege of Marakanda lifted. Spitamenes‑Makedones.
Makedones cut down.
210: (6)
how force was destroyed. Alexander distressed at disaster. Marches to
Marakanda. Rivers of the area.
211‑212: (7)
winters at Zariaspa. Arrival of Hellenic mercenaries. Bessus is brought out ‑
accused by Alexander. Arrian criticizes Alexander's cruel punishment of Bessus
and Alexander's adoption of Persian ways.
213‑215: (8)
Cleitus affair.
216‑217: (9),
Arrian's views on the Cleitus affair ‑ why it hapened ‑ consolation of
Alexander (Anaxarchus, the sophist).
218: (10)
Callisthenes disapproved and Arrian agrees ‑ but criticizes Callisthenes.
Callisthenes hostile to Alexander. Anaxarchus' remarks at the wine‑party.
219‑221: (11)
Makedones offended by Anaxarchus' remarks. Callisthenes opposes Anaxarchus –
his speech.
222: (12)
Alexander irritated‑Makedones pleased. Incidents at proskynesis (prostration).
Arrian censures, both Alexander and Callisthenes.
223‑224: (13)
Royal pages ‑ conspiracy of Hermolaus. Syrian woman with a spirit of divination
‑ plot revealed.
225‑226: (14)
Hermolaus confesses his plot. Stoned to death. Callisthenes imprisoned. (these happened
after Cleitus affair).
227: (15)
envoys from European Scythians ‑ Alexander gives a courteous reply to a
marriage alliance. Mentions a later expedition against Scythians ‑ at the Oxus ‑
2 springs (water, oil).
228‑229: (16)
at Sogdiana ‑ Spitamenes with Massagetae against Zariaspa. Those left at
Zariaspa ambushed by Scythians ‑ Peithon captured.
230‑231: (17)
Craterus against Massagetae ‑ flee into desert. Makedones prevail. Affairs of
Bactria. Spitamenes against Coenus. Makedones have upper hand.
232: (18)
Winters at Nautaca. Various campaigns ‑ at spring against Rock of Sogdiana.
Family of Oxyartes there ‑ rivalry to capture the Rock.,
233‑234: (19)
surrender of Rock. Oxyartes' daughter Roxane. Alexander in love with Roxane.
Alexander commended for his behavior toward Roxane and Darius' wife.
235: (20)
story about Darius (after Issus) ‑ asking about his family ‑ Oxyartes comes to
Alexander.
236‑237: (21)
against the Pareitacae and Rock of Chorienes. Chorienes surrenders (through
Oxyartes). Because of winter army has suffered.
238‑239: (22)
toward Bactria. From Bactria (spring ending, 329 B.C.) toward India ‑crossed
the Caucasus (Hindu‑Kush) ‑ Taxiles and others come to meet Alexander. Army
divided, one part to Indus.
240: (23)
Alexander with other part against Aspassians, and others ‑ river Choes.
Capturing of cities.
241‑242: (24)
Alexander at Euaspla. Ptolemy despoils Indian who struck him with spear.
Capture of the city Arigaeus. Fires of the tribesmen.
243‑244: (25)
battle on the plain ‑ 40.000 captured, 230.000 oxen. at the Assacenians‑Guraeans.
245: (26)
against Massaga. Battle with the tribesmen.
246‑247: (27)
death of Indian chief ‑ Indians ask for truce. Indians cut down.‑ against
Bazira and Ora. Alexander himself against Bazira and Ora.
248‑249: (28)
Rock of Aornos. Legend of Herakles. Walling of cities. Moving toward Indus.
Advances toward Rock.
250‑251: (29)
how to assault Rock. Plans of attacking Rock.
252‑254: (30)
building of mound‑seizing of hill. Indians' intent for a truce. Rock falls.
Area of Assacenians invaded. On to Indus. Hunting elephants.
Bk.
V, pp. 255‑300:
255: (1)
Nysa‑Dionysus (India)
256‑257: (2): “
“
258: (3)
Arrian's comment
259‑260: (4)
Indus river.
261: (5)
geography comments
262‑263: (6)
“
“
264‑265: (7)
Indus bridged ‑ methods of bridging
266: (8)
Alexander crosses the Indus ‑ welcomed by Taxiles. Porus across the Hydaspes.
267: (9),
Alexander at the Hydaspes, Porus on the other bank.
268: (10) crossing
the Hydaspes
269: (11)
“ “
“
270t (12)
“ “
“
271‑272: (13)
“ “
“
. Drawing up of forces.
273‑274: (14)
Porus' son. Ptolemy's, Aristobulus'
accounts
differing.
275: (15)
Alexander's attack ‑ Porus against Alexander ‑ Porus' line..
276: (16)
Tactics of meeting enemy.
277‑278: (17)
Indians' tactics ‑ battle.
279‑280: (18)
Craterus also crossed the Hydaspes ‑ Indian casualties ‑ Porus fought bravely,
Taxiles to Porus. Comes to Alexander.
281‑282: (19)
Alexander admires Porus ‑ exchange of words. Founding of Nikaia and Boukephala ‑
Bucephalus.
283‑284: (20)
Alexander honors the dead ‑ athletic contests ‑cavalry games. Alexander against
other Indians beyond Porus' kingdom. Indian ambassadors ‑ revolt of the
Assacenians - Alexander toward the Acesines river.
285: (21)
crosses the Acesines ‑ Coenus left there. Alexander against the other Porus. at
the Hydraotes river ‑ crosses it.
286: (22)
Cathaeans preparing for battle ‑ Alexander against the Cathaeans. Alexander
draws up his forces.
287‑288: (23)
Alexander leads his foot‑soldiers ‑ besieging of city.
289‑290: (24)
engages the barbarians - Porus
arrived. Eumenes against revolting cities. Alexander at Sangala.
291‑292: (25)
Alexander wants to advance beyond the Hyphasis. Makedones reluctant. Alexander
addresses the troops.
293‑294: (26)
Alexander's address continues.
295‑296: (27)
Coenus' reply.
297: (28)
Troops' reaction to Coenus' speech. Alexander into his tent ‑ announces he will
turn back.
298‑300: (29)
Makedones weep ‑ army divided into 12 parts. Athletic contest‑cavalry
exercises. Territory given to Porus. Preparations to reach the Great Sea.
Envoys from the Abisares. Return to the Hydaspes.
Bk.
VI, pp. 301‑347:
301: (1)
Ready for sailing down the Hydaspes to the Great Sea. Indus‑Acesines‑Nile.
342: (2)
Coenus dies. Porus king of 7 nations. Alexander divides his army, number of
ships.
303‑304: (3)
Alexander and troops board the ships ‑ Libation to Herakles ‑ sailing down the
Hydaspes.
305: (4)
3rd day ‑ receives and conquers tribes along the Hydaspes.
306: (5)
sailing the narrows. Army stops. Nearchus to continue - Alexander against
Mallians. Hephaestion to advance ‑to meet at the Acesines‑Hydraotes.
307‑308: (6)
Alexander against the Mallians
309: (7)
at the Hydraotes river ‑ against the Brachmans.
310‑311: (8)
against the rest of the Mallians. Against the largest Mallian city.
313: (9)
Army into 2 parts, one under Perdiccas. Alexander leads attack against wall.
Sacred shield from Temple of Athena at Ilium carried before Alexander in
battle. Companions followed. Indians concentrating attack on Alexander who
stood out. Inside the wall.
314: (10)
Peucestas‑Abreas‑Leonnatus fighting before Alexander‑Alexander wounded.
Peucestas with sacred shield - Leonnatus stride over Alexander. More Makedones
go over the wall.
315‑316: (11)
massacre of Indians. Alexander carried out ‑ arrow removed. where wounding took
place - the battles at Granicus‑Issus‑Gaugamela (Arbela) - who was with
Alexander at time of wounding.
317: (12)
report that Alexander died ‑ lamentation. Then the news that he was alive.
318‑319: (13)
Alexander carried to the camp (at the Hydraotes). at the junction of the
Acesines‑Hydraotes. Troops think Alexander is dead ‑ mounds horse ‑ all clap
and run at him. Shower him with flowers. Alexander angry at reproaches ‑
Boeotian's line.
320: (14)
envoys from Mallians and Oxydracae. Hostages returned ‑chariots retained.
Sailing down the Acesines where it meets the Indus. Acesines its tributaries.
321‑322: (15)
Perdiccas joins Alexander at the Acesines‑Indus. Arranges affairs. Philip's
satrapy. Founding of city. Oxyartes visits Alexander. At Sogdia, royal city.
Craterus against the Arachosians and Drangians. Toward kingdom of Musicanus who
goes to meet Alexander.
323: (165)
against Oxycanus, governor. Against Sambus, self-appointed satrap. Sindimana
(capital) receives Alexander.
324‑325: (17)
Musicanus revolts. Peithon against Musicanus ‑Alexander against cities. Governor of Pattala
(Indus river delta). Craterus with troops toward Carmania. Hephaestion in
command over other army. Chief of Pattala revolts., Pattala. empty.
326: (18)
fortification of Pattala. Building of harbor and dock yards where Indus divides
into 2 parts. Alexander sails down right‑hand river. Must seek shelter.
327: (19)
ocean tide. Troops amazed. at the Cilluta island ‑ on the way to the sea.
Sacrifices according to oracle of Ammon. Alexander sails out into the sea.
Sacrifices to Poseidon.
329: (20)
returns to Pattala ‑ sailing down to the sea. At a large lake ‑ at the sea ‑
return to Pattala. Again to the lake.
330: (21)
monsoon season (trade winds). Nearchus waiting for the season to sail ‑
Alexander at the Arabius river (Arabitae) ‑invasion of the Oreitans' territory.
331‑332: (22)
against the Gadrosians‑Oreitans. Leonnatus left in the Oreitans' territory.
Alexander‑Hephaestion against Gadrosians. Aristobulus: myrrh trees growing in
desert.
333‑334: (23)
Alexander through territory of Gadrosians. Supplies‑seal. Inhabitants to bring
provisions.
335‑336: (24)
toward Pura ‑ capital of Gadrosia. Alexander's miseries suffered here.
337: (25)
miseries‑transport animals dying. Heavy rains.
338‑339: (26)
praise of Alexander ‑ Alexander's thirst. Desert ‑guides at a loss ‑ by the sea
Alexander digs up fresh water.
340‑341: (27)
at Gadrosian capital. Administrative arrangements. Craterus meets Alexander at
Carmania. Satraps also arrived. Cleander‑Sitalces put to death ‑ later Herakon.
Transport animals and camels brought to Alexander.
342‑343: (28)
story of how Alexander drove through Carmania (Arrian does not believe). Sacrifices‑athletic
games - artistic contests ‑ Names of officers of bodyguards (8). Nearchus by
the inhabited part of the Carmanian seashore. Nearchus' voyage recounted
separately (Bk. VIII). Hephaestion dispatched to lead his force to Persia.
344‑345: (29)
Alexander toward Pasargadae‑Persia. Baryaxes ‑ cap in the upright position. Put
to death. Cyrus' tomb rifled. Alexander tortures Magians who guarded tomb.
346‑347: (30)
toward Persepolis ‑ Arrian disapproves of the burning of the palace earlier.
Orxines punished. Peucestas and his adoption of Persian ways.
Bk.
VII, pp. 348‑398:
348: (1)
at Persepolis ‑ Alexander's desire to sail down the Euphrates‑Tigris.
Alexander's other plans. Arrian's view of the plans. Indian wise men.
349‑350: (2) Alexander does not follow
wise men’s advice. Diogenes of Sinope ‑ Calanus joins Alexander.
351: (3)
Calanus immolates himself.
352‑353: (4)
Alexander at Susa. Irregularities of rulers while Alexander was away. THE
WEDDINGS AT SUSA.
354‑355: (5)
Alexander clears debts of army. Gifts given according to repute.
356: (6)
governors of new cities – 30.000 youths, the "Successors" (Epigonoi).
Makedones annoyed ‑ with Peucestas, too. Enlistment of foreigners into army ‑
Makedones indignant.
357‑358: (7)
Hephaestion to the Persian Sea ‑ Alexander to Susa. Sails down the river. On
the Euphrates‑Tigris rivers. Alexander's sailing and up the Tigris.
359: (8) OPIS
Makedones are summoned. Announces the discharge of the unfit. Makedones
suspicious of Alexander's move. Indignation caused by Alexander's behavior.
Alexander had grown worse‑tempered. Alexander leaps down with indignation.
360‑362: (9)
Addresses the Makedones. Philip's deeds ‑ his deeds.
363: (10)
Address continues. The deeds in the East.
364‑365: (11)
Alexander withdraws into palace. Makedones struck silent by speech. At the
gates of palace begging Alexander. Alexander comes out, Their complaints.
Alexander calls them brothers ‑ sacrifices ‑ general feast ‑fellowship
(OMONOIA) between Makedones and Persians.
366‑368: (12)
10.000 Makedones discharged. Promises to bring the children of Asian women
after they had been educated in the Makedonian ways. Craterus was to lead them ‑Antipater
to bring new drafts of Makedones. Friction between Antipater and Olympias.
369‑370: (13)
Reconciliation of Hephaestion and Eumenes. Plain of Nysa (50.000 horses
grazing),. Story of AMAZONS.
371‑372: (14)
At Ecbatana ‑ sacrifice ‑ athletic‑literary contest - drinking bouts.
HEPHAESTION DIES. Alexander's grief reaction. Abstaining of food. Funeral ‑
extent of mourning ‑ athletic‑literary contest ‑ 3.000 competitors.
373‑374: (15)
recovering from mourning ‑ against Cossaeans ‑Embassies‑ congratulating
Alexander. Romans (Arrian questions their embassy).
375‑376: (16)
desire to explore the Caspian Sea. Crossed Tigris toward Babylon. Chaldaean
seers urge him not to go to Babylon.
377: (17)
Alexander somewhat suspicious of the Chaldaeans. Alexander had in mind to
rebuild the Temple of Belus. What Aristobulus says about this.
378‑379: (18)
Aristobulus ‑ story of Apollodorus and his brother Peithagoras, a seer, about
Alexander.
380‑381: (19)
at Babylon ‑ embassies from the Hellenes. Objects plundered by Xerxes returned
(e.g., bronze statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton). Flotilla at Babylon.
Hiring of sea‑faring men ‑ colonizing Persian Gulf.
382‑383: (20)
story about Arabs ‑ Uranus‑Dionysus. Two islands off mouth of Euphrates.
Stories told by Archias who explored Arabian coast. Sailing round of Arabian
peninsula. Nearchus' story.
384‑385: (21)
building of triremes ‑ digging of harbor at Babylon. Sailing down the
Euphrates. On the Euphrates. Alexander wants to assist land of Assyria.
386: (22)
into the marshlands (encouraged that nothing had happened at Babylon). Story of
the tombs of Assyrian kings. The ribbon (diadem) ‑ beheading of the wearer -
Aristobulus differently - Phoenician ‑ Seleucus.
387‑389: (23)
return to Babylon Peucestas with 20.000 Persians. Embassies from Hellas.
Praised Persians ‑ enrolled them into Makedonian units ‑ fleet constantly
exercised. Return of envoys from Ammon ‑ inquired how to honor Hephaestion –
instructions.
390: (24)
Alexander's end near. Omen ‑ throne left untenanted - someone sits on throne ‑
seers' prophecies. Sacrifices ‑carousing ‑ Medius invites Alexander to join his
party.
391‑392: (25)
Royal diaries so report ‑ drinking at Medius ‑bathing ‑ developing fever.
Carried on a litter performed his religious duties daily. Gave instructions of
the sail to his officers. Alexander's condition day by day.
393: (26)
everything in the royal diaries. The troops want to see their king. Temple of
Serapis ‑ god instructs to leave Alexander where he was. DEATH OF ALEXANDER.
Ptolemy and Aristobulus ended their accounts here. Others recorded that Alexander
left his kingdom "to the best" (signet ring, Perdiccas).
394: (27)
other details of Alexander's death known to Arrian. Poisoning ‑ incident with
Roxane.
395: (28)
When Alexander died (114th Olympiad). Arrian's summation of Alexander.
396: (29)
Arrian continues his summation of Alexander.
397‑398: (30)
How Alexander is to be judged. Oracles‑visions of Alexander's death. Arrian
admires Alexander ‑ censures some of his acts.
T°low
t∞w juggraf∞w t«n ÉAlejãndrou ¶rgvn
------------------------------
Bk.
VIII: ARRIANOU INDIKH (INDIKA) [Loeb
CLibrary] – References to Alexander and the Makedones.
--------------------------
The Greek Alexander Romance
(transl. by Richard Stoneman, Penguin
Classics, 1991)
[Date: 2nd-3rd c. A.D.]
Introduction
‑ pp. 1‑27
Note
on Text ‑ 28‑32
Book
I
Nectanebo
‑ birth of Alexander ‑ 35‑45 (sections 1‑12)
Colt
‑ 45‑46 (13) [Boukephalas]
Alexander
‑ Nectanebo ‑ 46‑47 (14)
Philip‑Delphi‑Successor
‑ 47 (15)
Alexander‑Aristotle
‑ 47‑48 (16)
Bucephalas
‑ 48‑49 (17)
Olympic
Games‑Alexander ‑ 49‑50 (18)
“
“
“ ‑ 50‑52 (19)
“
“
“ - 52 (20)
Olympias‑Philip‑Cleopatra
‑ 52 (20)‑53 (21)
Alexander‑Philip‑Olympias
‑ 53‑54 (22)
Alexander‑Persian
satraps ‑ 54‑55 (23)
Pausanias‑Olympias‑Philip‑Alexander
‑ death of Philip ‑ 55 (24)
Alexander
king ‑ 56‑57 (25)
Alexander
counts his army ‑ 57‑58 (26)
Alexander‑Lacedaemon‑Thebes
‑ 59‑60 (27)
Preparations
for invasion of Persia ‑ 61 (28)
Sicily
‑ 61 (29)
Africa‑Ammon
‑ 61‑62 (30)
Grave
of Osiris‑foundation of Alexandria ‑ 62‑64 (31)
Island
of Pharus ‑ 64‑65 (32)
Obelisks‑inquires
about his death ‑ 65‑68 (33)
In
Egypt ‑ 68‑69 (34)
Syria‑Tyre
‑ 69‑70 (35)
Letter
from Darius ‑ 70‑71 (36)
Letter
terrifies Makedonians ‑ 71‑72 (37)
Alexander's
letter to Darius ‑ 72‑73 (38)
Darius'
letter ‑ 7‑74 (39)
“ “ ‑ 74 (40)
Alexander
in Cilicia ‑ 74‑76 (41)
Flight
of Darius‑Alexander in Phrygia ‑ 76‑77 (42)
Alexander
in Abdera ‑ ?6‑78 (43)
Alexander
in Bottiaea ‑ 78 (44)
Locrians‑Acragas
‑ 78‑79 (45)
At
Thebes 79‑85
(46)
At
Corinth 85‑86
(47)
Book
II
At
Plataea‑prophetess ‑ 8?‑88 (1)
Athenians‑orators
- 88‑90 (2)
“
“
- 90‑91 (3)
“
“
- 91‑92 (4)
Crown
of victory to Alexander ‑ 92‑93 (5)
At
Lacedaemon ‑ 93‑94 (6)
Darius
consults with Persian leaders ‑ 94‑95 (7)
At
the river Ocean ‑ 95‑96 (8)
In
Media‑(Gaugamela) ‑ 96‑97 (9)
Flight
to Bactria‑Darius' letter ‑ 98‑99 (10)
Alexander
writes to his satraps‑Darius to his generals 99‑100 (11)
Porus'
letter to Darius ‑ 100 (12)
At
Persia ‑ 100‑101 (13)
The
river Stranga ‑ Alexander prisoner ‑ 101‑102 (14)
Persians‑Alexander
‑ 103‑104 (15)
Alexander
prepares Hellenes for fight ‑ 104‑106 (16)
Darius
writes to Alexander ‑ 106‑107 (17)
Tomb
of Cyrus ‑ 107‑108 (18)
Darius
writes to Porus ‑ 108 (19)
Bessus
plots Darius' death ‑ 108‑109 (20)
Alexander
buries Darius‑issues proclamation‑writes to Darius' family‑Roxane ‑ 110‑114
(21)
Writes
to his mother ‑ 114‑123 (22‑41)
(sections 42‑43 omitted)
Toward
India - 125 (44)
Book
III
Against
Porus - 127‑131 (1‑4)
Indian
philosophers ‑ 131‑133 (5‑6)
(sections 7‑16 omitted)
With
Porus ‑ 133‑135 (17)
Queen
Candace ‑ 135‑137 (18‑19)
Wife
of Candaules, son of Candace‑Candace ‑ 137‑142 (20‑23)
Where
the gods dwell 142‑143 (24)
Against
the Amazons 143‑145 (25‑26)
Letters
to his mother ‑ 145‑149 (27‑30)
Antipater
mistreats Olympias ‑ 149‑151 (31)
Plot
against Alexander ‑ Death of Alexander ‑
151‑152 (32)
Alexander's
will ‑ 152‑159
Supplements
to the Text ‑ 161‑188
Notes
‑ 189‑196
=======================
=======================
Elias
Kapetanopoulos, Professor Dr.
Department
of History
Central
Connecticut State University
New
Britain, CT 06050-4010
E-mail:
Kapetanopoulos@.ccsu.edu
Web
site: www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/elias.htm
Research:
Athens in the Roman period, 200 B.C.-A.D. 300; early Makedon(ia)/Makedones.
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