<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>

Elias Kapetanopoulos

Professor Dr. (Greece-Rome)

Department of History

Central Connecticut State University

New Britain, CT 06050-4010 (USA)

Telephone:

(860) 832-2820 (office)

(860) 832-2804 (fax)

(860) 229-9960 (home)

E-mail: Kapetanopoulos@ccsu.edu

Web site: www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/elias.htm

Areas of Research: Attic epigraphy-Athenian institutions of the Roman period (200 B.C.-3rd c. A.D.), and early Makedon(ia): Makedones as Hellenes.

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CENTER FOR ATHENIAN-MAKEDONIAN STUDIES:

MAKEDONIS ST' = MAKEDONIS VI

MEROS BÉ.1 – PART II.1

[20 Noembr€ou 1999 > 20 Nov. 1999 =] 23 Ma˝ou 2008 > 23 May 2008

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There is a certain resemblance between these two miniature portraits of Philip and Alexander from Philip’s tomb at Vergina. If Alexander’s head were to turn to the right, as Philip’s, the resemblance will be clearer. At any rate the resemblance is in the two noses and in the overall images’ projection. (20 December 2005)

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ÉAnãbasiw ÉAlejãndrou, érxÆ:

Arrian, 1. 11.1-8: TaËta d¢ diaprajãmenow

[=ÉAl°jandrow, tå metå YÆbaw] §pan∞lyen eﬁw Makedon€an: ka‹ t“ te Di‹ t“ ÉOlump€ƒ tØn yus€an tØn épÉ ÉArxelãou ¶ti kayest«san ¶yuse ka‹ tÚn ég«na §n Aﬁga›w di°yhke tå ÉOlÊmpia: oﬂ d¢ ka‹ ta›w MoÊsaiw l°gousin ˜ti ég«na §po€hse. (2) Ka‹ §n toÊtƒ égg°lletai tÚ ÉOrf°vw toË Oﬁãgrou toË Yr&kÚw êgalma tÚ §n Pier€di ﬂdr«sai junex«w: ka‹ êlloi êlla §peye€azon t«n mãntevn. ÉAr€standrow d°, énØr TelmisseÊw, mãntiw, yarre›n §k°leusen ÉAl°jandron: dhloËsyai går ˜ti poihta›w §p«n te ka‹ mel«n ka‹ ˜soi émf‹ ”dØn ¶xousi polÁw pÒnow ¶stai poie›n te ka‹ õdein ÉAl°jandron ka‹ tå ÉAlejãndrou ¶rga. (3) ÜAma d¢ t“ ∑ri érxom°nƒ §jelaÊnei §fÉ ÑEllhspÒntou, tå m¢n katå Makedon€an te ka‹ toÁw ÜEllhnaw ÉAntipãtrƒ §pitr°caw, aÈtÚw d¢ êgvn pezoÁw m¢n sÁn cilo›w te ka‹ tojÒtaiw oÈ poll“ ple€ouw t«n trismur€vn, ﬂpp°aw d¢ Íp¢r toÁw pentakisxil€ouw. âHn d¢ aÈt“ ı stÒlow parå tØn l€mnhn tØn Kerkin›tin …w §pÉ ÉAmf€polin ka‹ toË StrumÒnow potamoË tåw §kbolãw. (4) Diabåw d¢ tÚn StrumÒna parÆmeibe tÚ Pãggaion ˆrow tØn …w §pÉ ÖAbdhra ka‹ Mar≈neian, pÒleiw ÑEllhn€daw §p‹ yalãss˙ ”kism°naw. ÖEnyen d¢ §p‹ tÚn ÜEbron potamÚn éfikÒmenow, diaba€nei ka‹ tÚn ÜEbron eÈpet«w. ÉEke›yen d¢ diå t∞w Paitik∞w §p‹ tÚn M°lana potamÚn ¶rxetai. (5) Diabåw d¢ ka‹ tÚn M°lana §w ShstÚn éfikne›tai §n e‡kosi ta›wpãsaiw ≤m°raiw épÚ t∞w o‡koyen §jormÆsevw. ÉEly∆n d¢ §w ÉElaioËnta yÊei Prvtesilãƒ §p‹ t“ tãfƒ toË Prvtesilãou, ˜ti ka‹ Prvtes€laow pr«tow §dÒkei §kb∞nai §w tØn ÉAs€an t«n ÑEllÆnvn t«n ëma ÉAgam°mnoni §w ÖIlion strateusãntvn: ka‹ ı noËw t∞w yus€aw ∑n §pituxest°ran oÂ gen°syai µ Prvtesilãƒ tØn épÒbasin. (6) Parmen€vn m¢n dØ t«n pez«n toÁw polloÁw ka‹ tØn ·ppon diabibãsai §tãxyh §k ShstoË §w ÖAbudon: ka‹ di°bhsan §n triÆresi m¢n •katÚn ka‹ •jÆkonta, plo€oiw d¢ êlloiw pollo›w stroggÊloiw. ÉAl°jandron d¢ §j ÉElaioËntow §w tÚn ÉAxai«n lim°na katçrai ı ple€vn lÒgow kat°xei, ka‹ aÈtÒn te kubern«nta tØn strathg€da naËn diabãllein, ka‹ §peidØ katå m°son tÚn pÒron toË ÑEllhspÒntou §g°neto, sfãjanta taËron t“ Poseid«ni ka‹ Nhrh˝si sp°ndein §k xrus∞w fiãlhw §w tÚn pÒnton. (7) L°gousi d¢ ka‹ pr«ton §k t∞w ne∆w sÁn to›w ˜ploiw §kb∞nai aÈtÚn §w tØn g∞n tØn ÉAs€an, ka‹ bvmoÁw ﬂdrÊsasyai, ˜yen te §stãlh §k t∞w EÈr≈phw ka‹ ˜pou §j°bh t∞w ÉAs€aw, DiÚw épobathr€ou ka‹ ÉAyhnçw ka‹ ÑHrakl°ouw: énelyÒnta d¢ §w ÖIlion tª te ÉAyhnò yËsai tª ÉIliãdi, ka‹ tØn panopl€an tØn aÍtoË énaye›nai §w tÚn ne≈n, ka‹ kayele›n ént‹ taÊthw t«n ﬂer«n tina ˜plvn ¶ti §k toË TrvÛkoË ¶rgou svzÒmena.* (8) Ka‹ taËta l°gousin ˜ti oﬂ Ípaspista‹ ¶feron prÚ aÈtoË §w tåw mãxaw. YËsai d¢ aÈtÚn ka‹ Priãmƒ §p‹ toË bvmoË toË DiÚw toË ÑErke€ou lÒgow kat°xei, m∞nin Priãmou paraitoÊmenon t“ Neoptol°mou g°nei, ˘ dØ §w aÈtÚn kay∞ken.

12.1: ÉAniÒnta dÉ aÈtÚn §w ÖIlion Meno€tiÒw te ı kubernÆthw xrus“ stefãnƒ §stefãnvse ka‹ §p‹ toÊtƒ Xãrhw ı ÉAyhna›ow §k Sige€ou §ly∆n ka€ tinew ka‹ êlloi, oﬂ m¢n ÜEllhnew, oﬂ d¢ §pix≈rioi: . . . oﬂ d°, ˜ti ka‹ tÚn ÉAxill°vw êra tãfon §stefãnvsen: ÑHfaist€vna d¢ l°gousin ˜ti toË PatrÒklou tÚn tãfon §stefãnvse: ka‹ eÈdaimÒnisen êra, …w lÒgow, ÉAl°jandrow ÉAxill°a, ˜ti ÑOmÆrou kÆrukow §w tØn ¶peita mnÆmhn ¶tuxe. (2-5), ktl. [Arrian’s comments].

*6.9.3: ÉAl°jandrow d°, …w blakeÊein aÈt“ §dÒkoun t«n MakedÒnvn oﬂ f°rontew tåw kl€makaw, èrpãsaw kl€maka •nÚw t«n ferÒntvn pros°yhke t“ te€xei aÈtÚw ka‹ eﬁlhye‹w ÍpÚ tª ésp€di én°bainen: §p‹ d¢ aÈt“ Peuk°staw ı tØn ﬂerån ésp€da f°rvn, ∂n §k toË ne∆ t∞w ÉAyhnçw t∞w ÉIliãdow lab∆n ëma oÂ e‰xen ÉAl°jandrow ka‹ prÚ aÈtoË §f°reto §n ta›w mãxaiw: §p‹ d¢ toÊtƒ Leonnãtow énπei katå tØn aÈtØn kl€maka ı svmatofÊlaj: katå d¢ êllhn kl€maka ÉAbr°aw t«n dimoirit«n tiw strateuom°nvn. 10.2: ÑO d°, ¶ste m¢n ¶ti yermÚn ∑n aÈt“ tÚ aÂma, ka€per kak«w ¶xvn, ±mÊneto: polloË d¢ dØ toË a·matow ka‹ éyrÒou, oÂa dØ jÁn pneÊmati, §kru°ntow, ‡lliggÒw te aÈtÚn ka‹ leipocux€a kat°sxe ka‹ p€ptei aÈtoË §p‹ tØn ésp€da junneÊsaw. Peuk°staw d¢ peribåw peptvkÒti ka‹Ípersx∆n tØn ﬂerån tØn §j ÉIl€ou ésp€da prÚ aÈtoË ka‹ Leonnãtow §w tå §p‹ yãtera aÈto€ te bãllontai émfÒteroi ka‹ ÉAl°jandrow §ggÁw ∑n ≥dh ÍpÚ toË a·matow §klipe›n. [cf. Diodoros, 17.99.1-6, and Plutarch, Alexander 63.1-6]

Justin, 11.5.1-12: (1) Proficiscens ad Persicum bellum omnes novercae suae cognatos, quos Philippus in excelsiorem dignitatis locum provehens imperiis praefecerat, interfecit. (2) Sed nec suis, qui apti regno videbantur, pepercit, ne qua materia seditionis procul se agente in Macedonia remaneret (3) et reges stipendiarios conspectioris ingenii ad conmilitium secum trahit, segniores ad tutelam regni relinquit. (4) Adunato deinde exercitu naves onerat, unde conspecta Asia incredibili ardore mentis accensus duodecim aras deorum in belli vota statuit. (5) Patrimonium omne suum, quod in Macedonia Europaque habebat, amicis dividit, sibi Asiam sufficere praefatus. (6) Priusquam ulla navis litore excederet, hostias caedit, petens victoriam bello, quo totiens a Persis petitae Graeciae ultor electus sit, (7) quibus longa iam satis et matura imperia contigisse quorumque tempus esse vices excipere melius acturos. (8) Sed nec exercitus eius alia quam regis animorum praesumptio fuit; (9) quippe obliti omnes coniugum liberorumque et longinquae a domo militiae Persicum aurum et totius Orientis opes iam quasi suam praedam ducebant, nec belli periculorumque, sed divitiarum meminerant. (10) Cum delati in continentem essent, primus Alexander iaculum velut in hostilem terram iecit armatusque de navi tripudianti similis prosiluit atque ita hostias caedit, precatus, (11) ne se regem illae terrae invitae accipiant. (12) In Ilio quoque ad tumulos eorum, qui Troiano bello ceciderant parentavit. Text from M.C.J. Miller, ed., M. Junianus Justinus epitoma historiarum Philippicarum, Books VII-XII (Ares Publishers, 1992) 49.

Plutarch, Alexander 14: (1) Eﬁw d¢ tÚn ÉIsymÚn t«n ÑEllÆnvn sulleg°ntvn ka‹ chfisam°nvn §p‹ P°rsaw metÉ ÉAlejãndrou strateÊein ≤gem∆n énhgoreÊyh. poll«gn d¢ politik«n éndr«n ka‹ filosÒfvn éphnthkÒtvn aÈt“ ka‹ sunhdom°nvn, ... (2) ... (3) ... (4) BoulÒmenow d¢ t“ ye“ xrÆsasyai per‹ t∞w strate€aw ∑lyen eﬁw DelfoÊw: ka‹ katå tÊxhn ≤mer«n épofrãdvn oÈs«n, §n aÂw oÈnenÒmistai yemisteÊein, pr«ton m¢n ¶pempe parakal«n tØn prÒmantin. …w d¢ érnoum°nhw ka‹ proÛsxom°nhw tÚn nÒmon aÈtÚw énabåw b€& prÚw tÚn naÚn eÂlken aÈtÆn, ≤ d¢ Àsper §jhtthm°nh t∞w spoud∞w e‰pen: <<ÉAn€khtow e‰, Œ pa›>>, toËto ékoÊsaw ÉAl°jandrow oÈk°ti ¶fh xrπzein •t°rou manteÊmatow, éllÉ ¶xein ˘n §boÊleto parÉ aÈt∞w xrhsmÒn. (5) ÉEpe‹ d¢ Àrmhse prÚw tØn strate€an, êlla te doke› shme›a parå toË daimon€ou gen°syai, ka‹ tÚ per‹ Le€bhyra toË ÉOrf°vw jÒanon (∑n d¢ kupar€ttinon) ﬂdr«ta polÁn ÍpÚ tåw ≤m°raw §ke€naw éf∞ke. foboum°nvn d¢ pãntvn tÚ shme›on, ÉAr€standrow §k°leue yarre›n, …w éoid€mouw ka‹ periboÆtouw katergasÒmenon prãjeiw, a„ polÁn ﬂdr«ta ka‹ pÒnon ÍmnoËsi poihta›w ka‹ mousiko›w par°jousi.

15: (1) T∞w d¢ stratiçw tÚ pl∞yow oﬂ m¢n §lãxiston l°gontew trismur€ouw pezoÁw ka‹ tetrakisxil€ouw ﬂppe›w, oﬂ d¢ ple›ston pezoÁw m¢n tetrakismur€ouw ka‹ trisxil€ouw, ﬂpp°aw d¢ pentakisxil€ouw énagrãfousin. §fÒdion d¢ toÊtoiw oÈ pl°on•bdomÆkonta talãntvn ¶xein aÈtÚn ÉAristÒboulow ﬂstore›, DoËriw d¢ triãkonta mÒnon ≤mer«n diatrofÆn, ÉOnhs€kritow d¢ ka‹ diakÒsia tãlanta prosofe€lein. (2) éllå ka€per épÚ mikr«n ka‹ sten«n oÏtvw ırm≈menow, oÈ prÒteron §p°bh t∞wne∆w µ tå t«n •ta€rvn prãgmata skecãmenow épone›mai t“ m¢n égrÒn, t“ d¢ k≈mhn, t“ d¢ sunoik€aw prÒsodon µ lim°now. ≥dh d¢ katanhlvm°nvn ka‹ diagegramm°nvn sxedÚn èpãntvn t«n basilik«n ıPerd€kkaw <<Seaut“ d°>>, e‰pen, <<Œ basileË, t€ katale€peiw;>> toË d¢ fÆsantow ˜ti tåw §lp€daw, <<OÈkoËn>>, ¶fh, <<ka‹ ≤me›w toÊtvn koinvnÆsomen oﬂ metå soË strateuÒmenoi>>. (3) paraithsam°nou d¢ toË Perd€kkou tØn diagegramm°nhn kt∞sin aÈt“, ka‹ t«n êllvn f€lvn ¶nioi tÚ aÈtÚ §po€hsan. to›w d¢ lambãnousi ka‹ deom°noiw proyÊmvw §xar€zeto, ka‹ tå ple›sta t«n §n Makedon€& dian°mvn oÏtvw kathnãlvse. toiaÊt˙ m¢n ırmª ka‹ paraskeuª diano€aw tÚn ÑEllÆsponton diep°rasen. (4)ÉAnabåw d¢ eﬁw ÖIlion ¶yuse tª ÉAyhnò ka‹ to›w ¥rvsin ¶speise. tØn d¢ ÉAxill°vw stÆlhn éleicãmenow l€pa ka‹ metå t«n •ta€rvn sunanadram∆n gumnÒw, Àsper ¶yow §st€n, §stefãnvse, makar€saw aÈtÚn ˜ti ka‹ z«n f€lou pistoË ka‹ teleutÆsaw megãlou kÆrukow ¶tuxen. (5) §n d¢ t“ periÛ°nai ka‹ yeçsyai tå katå tØn pÒlin §rom°nou tinÚw aÈtÚn eﬁ boÊletai tØn ÉAlejãndrou lÊran ﬁde›n, §lãxista front€zein §ke€nhw ¶fh, tØn dÉ ÉAxill°vw zhte›n, √ tå kl°a ka‹ tåw prãjeiw Ïmnei t«n égay«n éndr«n §ke›now. 16.1: ÉEn d¢ toÊtƒ t«n Dare€ou strathg«n megãlhn dÊnamin ±yroikÒtvn ka‹ paratetagm°nvn §p‹ tª diabãsei toË GranikoË, mãxesyai m¢n ‡svw énagka›on ∑n, sper §n pÊlaiw t∞w ÉAs€aw, per‹ t∞w eﬁsÒdou ka‹ érx∞w: ...

Diodoros, 17.16.1-4: Metå d¢ taËta [=tå metå YÆbaw] ı m¢n basileÁw §panely∆n metå t∞w dunãmevw eﬁw tØn Makedon€an sunÆgage toÁw ≤gemÒnaw t«n strativt«n ka‹ toÁw éjiologvtãtouw t«n f€lvn ka‹ pro°yhke boulØn per‹ t∞w eﬁw tØn ÉAs€an diabãsevw, pÒte xrØ strateÊein ka‹ t€ni trÒpƒ xeirist°on tÚn pÒlemon. (2) t«n d¢ per‹ tÚn ÉAnt€patron ka‹ Parmen€vna sumbouleuÒntvn prÒteron paidopoiÆsasyai ka‹ tÒte to›w thlikoÊtoiw §gxeire›n ¶rgoiw, drastikÚw Ãn ka‹ prÚw pçsan prãjevw énabolØn éllotr€vw diake€menow énte›pe toÊtoiw: aﬁsxrÚn går Ípãrxein épefa€neto tÚn ÍpÚ t∞w ÑEllãdow ≤gemÒna kayestãmenon toË pol°mou ka‹ patrikåw énikÆtouw dunãmeiw pareilhfÒta kay∞syai gãmouw §piteloËnta ka‹ t°tknvn gen°seiw énam°nonta. (3) didãjaw oÔn aÈtoÁw per‹ toË sumf°rontow ka‹ parormÆsaw diå t«n lÒgvn prÚw toÁw ég«naw yus€aw megaloprepe›w to›w yeo›w sunet°lesen §n D€ƒ t∞w Makedon€aw ka‹ skhnikoÁw ég«naw Di‹ ka‹ MoÊsaiw, oÓw ÉArx°laow ı probasileÊsaw pr«tow kat°deije. (4) tØn d¢ panÆgurin §fÉ ≤m°raw §nn°a sunet°lesen, •kãst˙ t«n Mous«n §p≈numon ≤m°ran énade€jaw. skhnØn d¢ kataskeuasãmenow •katontãklinon toÊw te f€louw ka‹ toÁw ≤gemÒnaw ¶ti d¢ toÁw épÚ t«n pÒlevn pr°sbeiw par°laben §p‹ tØn eÈvx€an. lampra›w d¢ paraskeua›w xrhsãmenow ka‹ polloÁw m¢n •stiãsaw, pãs˙ d¢ tª dunãmei diadoÁw ﬂere›a ka‹ têlla tå prÚw tØn eÈvx€an énÆkonta prosan°labe tÚ stratÒpedon.

17.1-6: ÉEpÉ êrxontow dÉ ÉAyÆnhsi Kthsikl°ouw ÑRvma›oi m¢n Ípãtouw kat°sthsan Gãion Soulp€kion ka‹ LeÊkion Pap€rion. ÉAl°jandrow d¢ metå t∞w dunãmevw poreuye‹w §p‹ tÚn ÑEllÆsponton dieb€base tØn dÊnamin §k t∞w EÈr≈phw eﬁw tØn ÉAs€an. (2) aÈtÚw d¢ makra›w naus‹n •jÆkonta katapleÊsaw prÚw tØn Trƒãda x≈ran pr«tow t«n MakedÒnvn épÚ t∞w ne∆w ±kÒntise m¢n tÚ dÒru, pÆjaw dÉ eﬁw tØn g∞n ka‹ aÈtÚw épÚ t∞w ne∆w éfallÒmenow parå t«n ye«n épefa€neto tØn ÉAs€an d¢xesyai dor€kthton. (3) ka‹ toÁw m¢n tãfouw t«n ≤r≈vn ÉAxill°vw te ka‹ A‡antow ka‹ t«n êllvn §nag€smasi ka‹ to›w êlloiw to›w prÚw eÈdoj€an énÆkousin §t€mhsen, aÈtÚw d¢ tÚn §jetasmÚn t∞w ékolouyoÊshw dunãmevw ékrib«w §poiÆsato. EÍr°yhsan d¢ pezo‹ MakedÒnew m¢n mÊrioi ka‹ disx€lioi, sÊmmaxoi d¢ •ptakisx€lioi, misyofÒroi d¢ pentakisx€lioi, ka‹ toÊtvn èpãntvn Parmen€vn e‰xe tØn ≤gemon€an. (4-5, additional troops). (6) ToË d¢ basil°vw énazeÊjantow §k t∞w Trƒãdow ka‹ katantÆsantow prÚw tÚ t°menow t∞w ÉAyhnçw ı m¢n yÊthw ÉAl°jandrow [=MSS] katanoÆsaw prÚ toË ne∆ keim°nhn eﬁkÒna xama‹ toË Frug€aw pot¢ satrapeÊsantow ÉAriobarzãnou ka€ tinvn oﬁon«n aﬁs€vn êllvn §pigenom°nvn pros∞lye t“ basile› ka‹ nikÆsein aÈtÚn ﬂppomax€& megãl˙ diebebaioËto ka‹ mãlistÉ, ín tÊx˙ per‹ tØn Frug€an égvnisãmenow. (7) proset€yei d¢ ka‹ diÒti ta›w ﬁd€aiw xers‹n époktene› [=épokte€nei] maxÒmenow §n paratãjei strathgÚn §pifan∞ t«n polem€vn: taËta går aÈt“ proshma€nein toÁw yeoÁw ka‹ mãlista tØn ÉAyhnçn, ∂n ka‹ sunergÆsein (§n) to›w eÈhmerÆmasin.

18.1: ÑO dÉ ÉAl°jandrow épodejãmenow tØn toË mãntevw prÒrrhsin tª m¢n ÉAyhnò lamprån §pet°lese yus€an ka‹ tÚ m¢n ‡dion ˜plon én°yhke tª ye“, t«n dÉ §n t“ ne“ keim°nvn ˜plvn tÚ krãtiston énalab∆n ka‹ toÊtƒ kayoplisye‹w §xrÆsato katå tØn pr≈thn mãxhn, ∂n diå t∞w ﬁd€aw éndragay€aw kr€naw peribÒhton ¶sxe tØn n€khn. éllå taËta m¢n Ïsteron ≤m°raiw Ùl€gaiw §prãxyh. (2) Oﬂ d¢ t«n Pers«n satrãpai ka‹ strathgo‹ toË m¢n kvlËsai t«n MakedÒnvn tØn diãbasin Íst°rhsan, éyroisy°ntew dÉ §bouleÊonto p«w xrØ diapoleme›n to›w per‹ ÉAl°jandron. ...

PERSIKOS POLEMOS. Arrian, 3.6.3: tå d¢ §n PeloponnÆsƒ ˜ti aÈt“ nenevter€syai épÆggelto, ÉAmfoterÚn p°mpei bohye›n Peloponnhs€vn ˜soi ¶w te tÚn PersikÚn pÒlemon b°baioi ∑san ka‹ Lakedaimon€vn oÈ katÆkouon. Fo€niji d¢ ka‹ Kupr€oiw prosetãxyh •katÚn naËw êllaw prÚw aÂw ¶xonta ÉAmfoterÚn ¶pempe st°llein §p‹ PeloponnÆsou.

EPI TON PERSHN STRATIA. Arrian, 7.9: Alexander, <<(1) … (5) §w PelopÒnnhson d¢ parely∆n tå §ke› aÔ §kÒsmhse ka‹ ≤gem∆n aÈtokrãtvr épodeixye‹w t∞w §p‹ tÚn P°rshn stratiçw oÈx •aut“ mçllÒn ti tØn dÒjan tÆnde µ t“ koin“ t«n MakedÒnvn pros°yhken. … (7) …>>.

Kyros-Poros-Dareios-Aleksandros, from the narthex of hAgios Axilleios, Pentalophos Kozanes, 18th cent. A.D. Epeirotes painted the church [photograph scanned [11-05-2006] from

the ephemeris PENTALOFOS, FULLO 3o, APRILIOS-MAIOS-IOUNIOS 1995, SELIDA 3, toË ANDREA TAKALIOU]. See TAFOS ALEJANDROU below.

TAFOS ALEJANDROU. MONASTHRI AGIAS TRIADOS, BUYOU-PENTALOFOU. PASSPORT, TEUXOS 18 | FEBROUARIOS 2007, 066 [065-066]

<<Chlå sthn pÒrta thw eisÒdou o Agiow Sis≈hw monologe€ pãnv apÒ ton tãfo tou Megãlou Alejãndrou kai h Ag€a Mar€na prospaye€ nã di≈jei m°sa apÒ tiw ptux°w tou roÊxou thw ton da€mona>> [Above the entrance into the MonasteryAgios Sisoes is shown in a monologue over the tomb of Alexander, with Agia Marina trying to drive away the daimona from the folds of her garment] (see below).

The Monastery was built in 1700 to a preexisting one, some distance, of the Taxiarchai [A.D. 1550], and the painter Michales from Chionades*, Epeiros, painted the Monastery’s religious wallpaintings/icons/scenes [<<Prin fÊgoume ya doÊme sto kayolikÒ thw MonÆw tiw ejairetik°w toixograf€ew tou Xionad€th zvgrãfou Mixãlh. Lãmpoun ta xrusã kai ta profurã sto apogeumatinÒ fvw. «O Mixãlhw zvgrãfise kai ãllew ekklhs€ew allã ed≈ doÊlece kai °zhse pãra pollã xrÒnia mÒnow tou», dihge€tai o Serafe€m, galÆniow sto stas€di tou. «MÒliw tele€vse, y°lhse na gur€sei sto xvriÒ tou allã l€go °jv apÒ to monastÆri p°yane. Den gÊrise stouw Xionãdew, °meine ed≈ pou y°lhse o YeÒw». Chlå sthn pÒrta ...>> [see above]. ÑO Serafe€m, ı ﬂeromÒnaxow, ≤goÊmenow t∞w Mon∞w [the hieromonachos Serapheim, the Monastery’s prior]. Michales must also have been one of the painters of Agios Achilleios and of the <<tetrarchy>> Kyros-Poros-Dareios-Aleksandros, photograph above.

*Prbl. bibliokris€a, TEREZA PENTZOPOULOU-BALALA: Sof€a ÉHliãdou-Tãxou, <<TÚ KroÊsobo (1845-1903)>>, MAKEDONIKA 36 (2007) 279: <<âHtan per€lamprh ≤ megãlh •llhnikØ §kklhs€a toË ÑAg€ou Nikolãou ≤ ıpo€a kt€syhke tÚ 1832 ka‹ kÒstise 400 Ùyvmanik¢w l€rew. ÜEllhnew texn›tew §rgãsthkan, ı P°trow épÚ tÚ xvriÚ K€rtsobo ¶kane tÚ julÒglupto t°mplo, §n« ı MixaØl épÚ tØn Samar€na §zvgrãfise t‹w eﬁkÒnew. ÑH §kklhs€a kãhke tÚ 1903>>.

Left photograph was taken by this writer during a baptism, Sunday, 22 July 2007. Between Saint Sisoes and Alexander’s tomb, Alexander portrayed in a skeletal state, there is an inscription which could not be properly read from below. However, it has been read by others: <<ÑOr«n se, tãfe, deili(«)n sou t(Ø)n y°an ka‹ kardiostalakt«n ˆmbron §kx(°)v.

Baba€, t(o)ioËto. (âV) yãnate // yãnate, t€w dÊnatai f(u)ge›n se;>> [the Greek as rendered by this writer]. NOTE: deili(«)n = deiliÒn: t(Ø)n appears as TIN, but there may be a ligature between T and I: §kx(°)v, EKXAIV: t(o)ioËto, TIOUTO: (âV), O with a circumflex above it: f(u)ge›n, FHGEIN. [my niece, Amalia, <<transmitted>> the inscription over the telephone from Lazaros A. Papaioannou’s book about the monastery: TÚ Monast∞ri t∞w ÑAg€aw Triãdaw stÚ BuyÚ Kozãnhw [Yessalon€kh, 1982], sel. 34/page 34. 10 Sept. 2007]

The photograph on the right with the same theme is from the katholikon of the Barlaam/Varlaam Monastery/MonØ Barlaãm, Met°vra/Meteora. The photograph was scanned from Met°vra. ÑOdoiporikÚ toË A. Z. SofianoË, ÖEkdosiw I. Mon∞w Metamorf≈sevw Megãlou Mete≈rou [MELISSA, ÉAsprobãlta, Yessalon€khw, êneu xronolog€aw], sel. 30/page 30. One of the differences between the two photographs is that the right photograph preserves the name ALEJANDROU, third line from the top. [1 Oct. 2007]

It is also published in Richard Stoneman’s Alexander the Great. A Life in Legend [Yale University Press, New Haven, 2008] Colour Plates, No. 12. 27 March 2008

ÑO ÜAgiow Sis≈hw ı Megãlow mnhmoneÊetai t‹w 6 ÉIoul€ou.

KALOTUXES/KalÒtuxew, §jvtikå/éerikå ˆnta §mfan€zonta tØn parous€an tvn diå mikr«n énemostrob€lvn s¢ drÒmouw staurodÒmia t«n ıpo€vn ≤ prosp°rash épagoreÊetai

pr‹n lexye› tÚ <<Ze› ı basileÁw ÉAl°jandrow, Ze› ka‹ basileÊei>> (tr€w). Pentãlofow nomoË Kozãnhw/ÉOrest€w. [ÖIsvw nå énaf°retai kiÉ éllaxoË §ntÚw t∞w

ÉIstosel€dow taÊthw]

PUTNH, IG II² 329, line 8: ...ow p...ou ÉAl°jandron par[ - - , discussed by Ian Worthington in ZPE 147 (2004) 59-71: <<Alexander the Great and the Greeks in 336? Another Reading of IG

II²329>>. NOTE. As the inscription has survived, the name ÉAl°jandron lacks the title basil°a, and the setting up of a copy at Pytne=Pydna does require a convincing explanation, which Worthington attempts. The surviving letters at the beginning of line 13 suggest the restoration of [§p‹ f/ul]ak∞i for lines 12-13, but who are/is [§p‹ ful]ak∞i at Pydna and for what reason/purpose? Worthington is correct in assigning the [§p‹ ful]ak∞i to the Athenians, but it may not have been for Alexander [the Great], as the name ÉAl°jandron appears in isolation and the reasons behind the Athenians’ [§p‹ f/ul]ak∞i can only be conjectural.

[------------------------------------------------------------- lacuna ---------------------------------------------------------------------------]

[--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------]

[------------------]I[-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------]

[--------------]E.E[--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- kata]

[p°mc]ai p[o]mpØ[n s€tou ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ˜souw]

[par°]xein s›to[n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pa]

5 [r°xe]in t«i éndr[‹ •]kãs[t]v[i --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------]

[....]d ıpÒsoi ín [‡v]sin: §ån d[¢ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- si]

[thr°]si[on: ıp]Òyem m¢n ¶xein s[›ton ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p°ran]

[mhn]Úw p[er‹] o ÉAl°jandron par[°xein s€thsin --------------------------------------------------------------------- doËnai t]

[«i Í]paspist∞i draxmØn ka‹ to›[w loipo›w strati≈taiw ---------------------------------------------------------------- •kã]

10 [stv]i •kãsthw t∞w ≤m°raw épop°m[pein: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------]

[ßv]w ín x[r«]ntai t∞i stratiçi: §ån t€[new t∞w stratiçw xr«ntai ple€ona xrÒnon, toÁw metapempom°nouw]

[d°]ka ≤mer«n dÒntaw s›ton épop°m[pein: taËta eﬁw stÆlhn liy€nhn énagrãcaw ı strathgÚw §p‹ t∞i paral]

[i]ak∞i st∞sai §m PÊtnhi §n t∞w ÉAyh[na€vn égorçw skhn∞i/pÊlhi vacat?]

vacat

A <<loose>> reconstruction of IG II² 329 is presented above; cf. A. J. Heisserer, Alexander the Great and the Greeks. The Epigraphic Evidence [University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1980] 3-26, Chapter I.

The decree undoubtedly concerns an Athenian stratiå and its provisioning in Makedonia, and Alexander (ÉAl°jandron, line 8) is to provide at some occasion for the maintainance of the

stratiã.

Who is then Alexander of line 8? As the decree’s spirit seems to have been <<captured>> herein, it may not be Alexander III but Alexander II, when Athenian generals were active in Makedonia. These, of course, are subject to change. [26-4-2007]

This writer saw the stone of 329 at the Epigraphik Museum, 23 August 2007, with Angelos Matthaiou and Elena Zavvou. A publication is under consideration/preparation. [9 September 2007]

Cf. Adrian Tronson, <<The Relevance of IG II²329 to the Hellenic League of Alexander the Great>>, AncW 12 (1985) 15-19. [vidi, 1 May 2007]

I. B. Antela-Bernárdez, <<IG II² 329: Another View>>, ZPE 160 (2007) 77-78. [9 September 2007]

Worthington, I., << Encore IG II² 329>>, ZPE 162 [2007] 114-116 [vidi 4 Mar./Mar. 2008]. Worthington argues again that the ÉAl°jandron in the inscription (line 8) is Alexander III who had made a treaty with Athens. However, it is overlooked that 329 is concerned with the s€thsiw of a stratiå and its duration. Moreover, why Pydna? At the time of Alexander III Dion or Pella should have figured. (4 Mar./Mar. 2008)

As to how 329, especially the last lines, has/have been interpreted and expanded, cf. Ernst Badian, <<History from ‘Square Brackets’>>, ZPE 79 (1989) 59-70. [12 Sept. 2007]

It is also entered in makglossikaMerosA1.2.htm herein, under PUTNH, but the above text is the latest updated [9 Sept. 2007/4 Mar. 2008].

Diodoros, 18.4.5: toÁw d¢ proeirhm°nouw naoÁw ¶dei kataskeuasy∞nai §n DÆlƒ ka‹ Delfo›w ka‹ Dvd≈n˙, katå d¢ tØn Makedon€an §n D€ƒ m¢n toË DiÒw, §n AmfipÒlei d¢ t∞w TauropÒlou, §n KÊrrƒ [=KÊrnƒ] d¢ t∞w ÉAyhnçw: ımo€vw d¢ ka‹ §n ÉIl€ƒ taÊthw t∞w yeçw kataskeuasy∞nai naÚn ÍperbolØn •t°rƒ mØ katale€ponta [Alexander’s ÍpomnÆmata].

STEFANOI, IG II² 1496, lines 54-58: •t[°rvn] / stefãnvn duo›n, oÂw ı d∞mo[w] / ı ÉAyhna€vn §stefãnvse ÉAl°ja[ndron], / stat∞raw : 2DDDD1ww / ka‹ draxmØ xrus€ou.

See comment under line 56; also Ian Worthington, ZPE 147 (2004) 69 and note 50. [331 B.C.]

============================

Review of Alexander Studies

Heckel, Waldemar, <<WHAT’S NEW IN ALEXANDER STUDIES>>, AMPHORA (a

publication of the American Philological Association) 3.1 (Spring 2004) 10-11, 19.

Not a review of <<the dilettante: today virtually everyone with a historical bent is an authority on Alexander, ...>>.

=============================

Anson, Edward M., <<Alexander at Siwah>>, AncW 34.2 (2003) 117-130.

Bloedow, E., “Why did Philip and Alexander Launch a War against the Persian

Empire?,”L’ Antiquité Classique 72 (2003) 261-274.

A most balanced review of the question, for the << revenge [or nationalistic?] element>> was strong in Alexander’s campaign, and it can be traced in this web site, for example, under Makedonis XIV: Makedonika Glwssika.

Under Nawotka, below.

Bosworth, A.B., The Legacy of Alexander. Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda under the

Successors (Oxford University Press, 2002. Reviewed by Rolf Strootman in BMCR 2004.01.31.

Briant, Pierre, Darius dans l’ombre d’Alexandre (Paris: Fayard, 2003). Reviewed by Jan

P. Stronk in BMCR 2004.03.10. An informative review.

Cohen, Ada, “Alexander and Achilles—Macedonians and ‘Mycenaeans’,” No. 30, in The

Ages of Homer. A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule, Jane B. Carter and Sarah P. Morris, eds. [Austin: Univ. of Austin Press, 1995] 483-505 [text, 483-498; notes, 498-505], Figs. 30.1-7.

Heinen, Heinz, Geschichte des Hellenismus. Von Alexander bis Kleopatra (Munich: C.H.

Beck, 2003. Reviewed by Roland Oetjen in BMCR 2004.01.29.

Holt, Frank L., Alexander the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions

[Hellenistic Culture and Society, Univ. of California Press, Nov. 2003].

Nawotka, Krzysztof, “Alexander the Great in Persepolis,” Acta Antiqua Academiae

Scientiarum Hungaricae 43.1/2 (2003) 67-76.

Page 75: <<Therefore the burning of the palaces in Persepolis should be perceived as the high point in Alexander’s campaign of terror, waged in Fars when conciliatory gestures had failed>>.

It is overlooked that the burning of the palace(s) at Persepolis was a very act of revenge [see under E. Bloedow, above], although the burning must have disturbed the native population [this would naturally happen, whenever a foreign army moves through a particular area].

Reames-Zimmerman, Jeanne, Eminence Grise at the Court of Alexander the Great [Diss.

Pennsylvania State University, 1998].

An excerpted abbreviation of this dissertation in

http://www.pothos.org/alexander.asp?paraID=42

Romm, James, ed., and Mensch, Pamela, and Romm, James, tranls., Alexander the Great.

Readings from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius [Hackett, Sept. 2004].

Worthington, Ian, ed., Alexander the Great: A Reader [Dec. 2002].

Worthington, Ian, Alexander the Great: The Perversion of Power [Longman, 2003/2004].

---------------------------

RVJANH > Rhoxane

IG II² 1492, lines 46-63=Elias Kapetanopoulos, <<An Athenian-Makedonian Marriage of

Alexander’s Line>>, Balkan Studies 31.2 (1990) 259, note 5. recording Rhoxane’s offerings/dedications to Athena Polias in 311/310 B.C., it appears.

Kosmetatou, E., <<Rhoxane’s Dedications to Athena Polias>>, ZPE 146 (2004) 75-80.

Page 75: IG II² 1492, lines 45-57, below [page 80: date: 327-316 B.C.]. Cf. Balkan Studies 31.2 (1990) 259, note 5 (above).

IG II²1492, A, lines 45-57

[....7...] M[.......14....... oﬁnoxÒ]-

[hn? xrus]∞n én[°yhken basil°vw ÉAlej]-

ãndrou gunØ ÑR[vjãnh ÉAyhnçi Poliãdi:]

sta : HH2DDDD[..3. ériymÚw sumpãntvn?]

xrus«n DDD1 [..........19.........]

kefãlaion s[taymoË xrus«n XXX...?]

vacat

yhken basil[°vw ÉAlejãndrou gunØ ÑRv]-

jãnh ÉAyhnçi [Poliãdi: sta ....8....: pe]-

ri[tra]xÆlia [xrusç liyokÒllhta || é]-

[n]°yhken bas[il°vw ÉAlejãndrou gun]-

[Ø ÑRvj]ãnh ÉAyhn[çi Poliãdi: sta ...7....]

Dotted letters: h in [xrus]∞n and a in én[°yhken]=én[°yeken].

Cf. also page 78, note 18; read line 57: [Ø ÑRvj]ãnhÉAyhn[çi Poliãdi: sta ...7....].

= SEG 53.1 (2003=2008) 67-68, No. 172.

---------------------------------

APOGONOS ALEJANDROU/DESCENDANT of ALEXANDER

Kapetanopoulos, Elias, <<An Athenian-Makedonian Marriage of Alexander’s Line>>, BS 31.2 (1990) 259-267.

Smith, Rowland B. E., <<A Lost Historian of Alexander ‘Descended from Alexander’, and Read by Julian? Praxagoras of Athens Reviewed in the Light of Attic Epigraphy>>, Historia 56.3 (2007) 356-380.

===================