<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Elias
Kapetanopoulos
Professor Dr.
(Greece-Rome)
Department of History
Central Connecticut
State University
New Britain, CT
06050-4010 (USA)
Telephone:
(860) 832-2820
(office)
(860) 832-2804 (fax)
(860) 229-9960 (home)
E-mail: Kapetanopoulos@ccsu.edu
Web site: www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/elias.htm
Areas of Research:
Attic epigraphy-Athenian institutions of the Roman period (200 B.C.-3rd c.
A.D.), and early Makedon(ia): Makedones as Hellenes.
===========================================
CENTER FOR
ATHENIAN-MAKEDONIAN STUDIES:
MAKEDONIS
ST' = MAKEDONIS VI
MEROS
BÉ.1 – PART II.1
[20 Noembr€ou 1999 > 20 Nov. 1999 =] 23 Ma˝ou
2008 > 23 May
2008
The Greek font is
Athenian [+Unicode]. All rights
reserved.
==================================
There is a certain
resemblance between these two miniature portraits of Philip and Alexander from
Philip’s tomb at Vergina. If Alexander’s head were to turn to the right, as
Philip’s, the resemblance will be clearer. At any rate the resemblance is in
the two noses and in the overall images’ projection. (20 December 2005)
================================
ÉAnãbasiw ÉAlejãndrou, érxÆ:
Arrian,
1. 11.1-8:
TaËta d¢ diaprajãmenow
[=ÉAl°jandrow, tå metå YÆbaw]
§pan∞lyen efiw Makedon€an: ka‹ t“ te Di‹ t“ ÉOlump€ƒ tØn yus€an tØn épÉ ÉArxelãou
¶ti kayest«san ¶yuse ka‹ tÚn ég«na §n Afiga›w di°yhke tå ÉOlÊmpia: ofl d¢ ka‹
ta›w MoÊsaiw l°gousin ˜ti ég«na §po€hse. (2) Ka‹ §n toÊtƒ égg°lletai tÚ ÉOrf°vw
toË Ofiãgrou toË Yr&kÚw êgalma tÚ §n Pier€di fldr«sai junex«w: ka‹ êlloi êlla
§peye€azon t«n mãntevn. ÉAr€standrow d°, énØr TelmisseÊw, mãntiw, yarre›n
§k°leusen ÉAl°jandron: dhloËsyai går ˜ti poihta›w §p«n te ka‹ mel«n ka‹ ˜soi
émf‹ ”dØn ¶xousi polÁw pÒnow ¶stai poie›n te ka‹ õdein ÉAl°jandron ka‹ tå
ÉAlejãndrou ¶rga. (3) ÜAma d¢ t“ ∑ri érxom°nƒ §jelaÊnei §fÉ ÑEllhspÒntou, tå m¢n katå
Makedon€an te ka‹ toÁw ÜEllhnaw ÉAntipãtrƒ §pitr°caw, aÈtÚw d¢ êgvn pezoÁw m¢n
sÁn cilo›w te ka‹ tojÒtaiw oÈ poll“ ple€ouw t«n trismur€vn, flpp°aw d¢ Íp¢r toÁw
pentakisxil€ouw. âHn d¢ aÈt“ ı stÒlow parå tØn l€mnhn tØn Kerkin›tin …w
§pÉ ÉAmf€polin ka‹ toË StrumÒnow potamoË tåw §kbolãw. (4) Diabåw d¢ tÚn StrumÒna
parÆmeibe tÚ Pãggaion ˆrow tØn …w §pÉ ÖAbdhra ka‹ Mar≈neian, pÒleiw ÑEllhn€daw
§p‹ yalãss˙ ”kism°naw. ÖEnyen d¢ §p‹ tÚn ÜEbron potamÚn éfikÒmenow, diaba€nei ka‹
tÚn ÜEbron eÈpet«w. ÉEke›yen d¢ diå t∞w Paitik∞w §p‹ tÚn M°lana potamÚn
¶rxetai. (5)
Diabåw d¢ ka‹ tÚn M°lana §w ShstÚn éfikne›tai §n e‡kosi ta›wpãsaiw ≤m°raiw épÚ
t∞w o‡koyen §jormÆsevw. ÉEly∆n d¢ §w ÉElaioËnta yÊei Prvtesilム§p‹ t“ tãfƒ toË
Prvtesilãou, ˜ti ka‹ Prvtes€laow pr«tow §dÒkei §kb∞nai §w tØn ÉAs€an t«n
ÑEllÆnvn t«n ëma ÉAgam°mnoni §w ÖIlion strateusãntvn: ka‹ ı noËw t∞w yus€aw ∑n
§pituxest°ran o gen°syai µ PrvtesilムtØn épÒbasin. (6) Parmen€vn m¢n dØ t«n pez«n
toÁw polloÁw ka‹ tØn ·ppon diabibãsai §tãxyh §k ShstoË §w ÖAbudon: ka‹ di°bhsan
§n triÆresi m¢n •katÚn ka‹ •jÆkonta, plo€oiw d¢ êlloiw pollo›w stroggÊloiw.
ÉAl°jandron d¢ §j ÉElaioËntow §w tÚn ÉAxai«n lim°na katçrai ı ple€vn lÒgow
kat°xei, ka‹ aÈtÒn te kubern«nta tØn strathg€da naËn diabãllein, ka‹ §peidØ
katå m°son tÚn pÒron toË ÑEllhspÒntou §g°neto, sfãjanta taËron t“ Poseid«ni ka‹
Nhrh˝si sp°ndein §k xrus∞w fiãlhw §w tÚn pÒnton. (7) L°gousi d¢ ka‹ pr«ton §k t∞w
ne∆w sÁn to›w ˜ploiw §kb∞nai aÈtÚn §w tØn g∞n tØn ÉAs€an, ka‹ bvmoÁw fldrÊsasyai,
˜yen te §stãlh §k t∞w EÈr≈phw ka‹ ˜pou §j°bh t∞w ÉAs€aw, DiÚw épobathr€ou ka‹
ÉAyhnçw ka‹ ÑHrakl°ouw: énelyÒnta d¢ §w ÖIlion tª te ÉAyhnò yËsai tª ÉIliãdi,
ka‹ tØn panopl€an tØn aÍtoË énaye›nai §w tÚn ne≈n, ka‹ kayele›n ént‹ taÊthw t«n
fler«n tina ˜plvn ¶ti §k toË TrvÛkoË ¶rgou svzÒmena.* (8) Ka‹ taËta l°gousin ˜ti ofl Ípaspista‹ ¶feron prÚ aÈtoË §w tåw
mãxaw. YËsai d¢ aÈtÚn ka‹ Priãmƒ §p‹ toË bvmoË toË DiÚw toË ÑErke€ou lÒgow
kat°xei, m∞nin Priãmou paraitoÊmenon t“ Neoptol°mou g°nei, ˘ dØ §w aÈtÚn kay∞ken.
12.1: ÉAniÒnta dÉ aÈtÚn §w ÖIlion Meno€tiÒw te ı kubernÆthw xrus“
stefãnƒ §stefãnvse ka‹ §p‹ toÊtƒ Xãrhw ı ÉAyhna›ow §k Sige€ou §ly∆n ka€ tinew
ka‹ êlloi, ofl m¢n ÜEllhnew, ofl d¢ §pix≈rioi: . . . ofl d°, ˜ti ka‹ tÚn ÉAxill°vw
êra tãfon §stefãnvsen: ÑHfaist€vna d¢ l°gousin ˜ti toË PatrÒklou tÚn tãfon
§stefãnvse: ka‹ eÈdaimÒnisen êra, …w lÒgow, ÉAl°jandrow ÉAxill°a, ˜ti ÑOmÆrou
kÆrukow §w tØn ¶peita mnÆmhn ¶tuxe. (2-5), ktl. [Arrian’s comments].
*6.9.3:
ÉAl°jandrow
d°, …w blakeÊein aÈt“ §dÒkoun t«n MakedÒnvn ofl f°rontew tåw kl€makaw, èrpãsaw
kl€maka •nÚw t«n ferÒntvn pros°yhke t“ te€xei aÈtÚw ka‹ efilhye‹w ÍpÚ tª ésp€di
én°bainen: §p‹ d¢ aÈt“ Peuk°staw ı tØn flerån ésp€da f°rvn, ∂n §k toË ne∆ t∞w
ÉAyhnçw t∞w ÉIliãdow lab∆n ëma o e‰xen ÉAl°jandrow ka‹ prÚ aÈtoË §f°reto §n
ta›w mãxaiw: §p‹ d¢ toÊtƒ Leonnãtow énπei katå tØn aÈtØn kl€maka ı svmatofÊlaj:
katå d¢ êllhn kl€maka ÉAbr°aw t«n dimoirit«n tiw strateuom°nvn. 10.2: ÑO d°, ¶ste m¢n ¶ti yermÚn ∑n aÈt“ tÚ aÂma, ka€per kak«w
¶xvn, ±mÊneto: polloË d¢ dØ toË a·matow ka‹ éyrÒou, oÂa dØ jÁn pneÊmati,
§kru°ntow, ‡lliggÒw te aÈtÚn ka‹ leipocux€a kat°sxe ka‹ p€ptei aÈtoË §p‹ tØn
ésp€da junneÊsaw. Peuk°staw d¢ peribåw peptvkÒti ka‹Ípersx∆n tØn flerån tØn §j
ÉIl€ou ésp€da prÚ aÈtoË ka‹ Leonnãtow §w tå §p‹ yãtera aÈto€ te bãllontai
émfÒteroi ka‹ ÉAl°jandrow §ggÁw ∑n ≥dh ÍpÚ toË a·matow §klipe›n. [cf. Diodoros, 17.99.1-6, and Plutarch, Alexander 63.1-6]
Justin,
11.5.1-12: (1) Proficiscens ad
Persicum bellum omnes novercae suae cognatos, quos Philippus in excelsiorem
dignitatis locum provehens imperiis praefecerat, interfecit. (2) Sed nec suis,
qui apti regno videbantur, pepercit, ne qua materia seditionis procul se agente
in Macedonia remaneret (3) et reges stipendiarios conspectioris ingenii ad
conmilitium secum trahit, segniores ad tutelam regni relinquit. (4) Adunato
deinde exercitu naves onerat, unde conspecta Asia incredibili ardore mentis
accensus duodecim aras deorum in belli vota statuit. (5) Patrimonium omne suum,
quod in Macedonia Europaque habebat, amicis dividit, sibi Asiam sufficere
praefatus. (6) Priusquam ulla navis litore excederet, hostias caedit, petens
victoriam bello, quo totiens a Persis petitae Graeciae ultor electus sit, (7)
quibus longa iam satis et matura imperia contigisse quorumque tempus esse vices
excipere melius acturos. (8) Sed nec exercitus eius alia quam regis animorum
praesumptio fuit; (9) quippe obliti omnes coniugum liberorumque et longinquae a
domo militiae Persicum aurum et totius Orientis opes iam quasi suam praedam
ducebant, nec belli periculorumque, sed divitiarum meminerant. (10) Cum delati
in continentem essent, primus Alexander iaculum velut in hostilem terram iecit
armatusque de navi tripudianti similis prosiluit atque ita hostias caedit,
precatus, (11) ne se regem illae terrae invitae accipiant. (12) In Ilio quoque
ad tumulos eorum, qui Troiano bello ceciderant parentavit. Text from
M.C.J. Miller, ed., M. Junianus Justinus epitoma historiarum Philippicarum, Books VII-XII (Ares Publishers, 1992) 49.
Plutarch,
Alexander 14: (1)
Efiw d¢ tÚn
ÉIsymÚn t«n ÑEllÆnvn sulleg°ntvn ka‹ chfisam°nvn §p‹ P°rsaw metÉ ÉAlejãndrou
strateÊein ≤gem∆n énhgoreÊyh. poll«gn d¢ politik«n éndr«n ka‹ filosÒfvn
éphnthkÒtvn aÈt“ ka‹ sunhdom°nvn, ... (2) ... (3) ... (4) BoulÒmenow d¢ t“ ye“
xrÆsasyai per‹ t∞w strate€aw ∑lyen efiw DelfoÊw: ka‹ katå tÊxhn ≤mer«n épofrãdvn
oÈs«n, §n aÂw oÈnenÒmistai yemisteÊein, pr«ton m¢n ¶pempe parakal«n tØn
prÒmantin. …w d¢ érnoum°nhw ka‹ proÛsxom°nhw tÚn nÒmon aÈtÚw énabåw b€&
prÚw tÚn naÚn eÂlken aÈtÆn, ≤ d¢ Àsper §jhtthm°nh t∞w spoud∞w e‰pen:
<<ÉAn€khtow e‰, Œ pa›>>, toËto ékoÊsaw ÉAl°jandrow oÈk°ti ¶fh
xrπzein •t°rou manteÊmatow, éllÉ ¶xein ˘n §boÊleto parÉ aÈt∞w xrhsmÒn. (5) ÉEpe‹ d¢ Àrmhse prÚw tØn
strate€an, êlla te doke› shme›a parå toË daimon€ou gen°syai, ka‹ tÚ per‹
Le€bhyra toË ÉOrf°vw jÒanon (∑n d¢ kupar€ttinon) fldr«ta polÁn ÍpÚ tåw ≤m°raw
§ke€naw éf∞ke. foboum°nvn d¢ pãntvn tÚ shme›on, ÉAr€standrow §k°leue yarre›n,
…w éoid€mouw ka‹ periboÆtouw katergasÒmenon prãjeiw, a„ polÁn fldr«ta ka‹ pÒnon
ÍmnoËsi poihta›w ka‹ mousiko›w par°jousi.
15:
(1) T∞w d¢
stratiçw tÚ pl∞yow ofl m¢n §lãxiston l°gontew trismur€ouw pezoÁw ka‹
tetrakisxil€ouw flppe›w, ofl d¢ ple›ston pezoÁw m¢n tetrakismur€ouw ka‹
trisxil€ouw, flpp°aw d¢ pentakisxil€ouw énagrãfousin. §fÒdion d¢ toÊtoiw oÈ pl°on•bdomÆkonta
talãntvn ¶xein aÈtÚn ÉAristÒboulow flstore›, DoËriw d¢ triãkonta mÒnon ≤mer«n
diatrofÆn, ÉOnhs€kritow d¢ ka‹ diakÒsia tãlanta prosofe€lein. (2) éllå ka€per épÚ mikr«n ka‹
sten«n oÏtvw ırm≈menow, oÈ prÒteron §p°bh t∞wne∆w µ tå t«n •ta€rvn prãgmata
skecãmenow épone›mai t“ m¢n égrÒn, t“ d¢ k≈mhn, t“ d¢ sunoik€aw prÒsodon µ
lim°now. ≥dh d¢ katanhlvm°nvn ka‹ diagegramm°nvn sxedÚn èpãntvn t«n basilik«n
ıPerd€kkaw <<Seaut“ d°>>, e‰pen, <<Œ basileË, t€
katale€peiw;>> toË d¢ fÆsantow ˜ti tåw §lp€daw, <<OÈkoËn>>,
¶fh, <<ka‹ ≤me›w toÊtvn koinvnÆsomen ofl metå soË strateuÒmenoi>>. (3) paraithsam°nou d¢ toË
Perd€kkou tØn diagegramm°nhn kt∞sin aÈt“, ka‹ t«n êllvn f€lvn ¶nioi tÚ aÈtÚ
§po€hsan. to›w d¢ lambãnousi ka‹ deom°noiw proyÊmvw §xar€zeto, ka‹ tå ple›sta t«n
§n Makedon€& dian°mvn oÏtvw kathnãlvse. toiaÊt˙ m¢n ırmª ka‹ paraskeuª
diano€aw tÚn ÑEllÆsponton diep°rasen. (4)ÉAnabåw d¢ efiw ÖIlion ¶yuse tª ÉAyhnò
ka‹ to›w ¥rvsin ¶speise. tØn d¢ ÉAxill°vw stÆlhn éleicãmenow l€pa ka‹ metå t«n
•ta€rvn sunanadram∆n gumnÒw, Àsper ¶yow §st€n, §stefãnvse, makar€saw aÈtÚn ˜ti
ka‹ z«n f€lou pistoË ka‹ teleutÆsaw megãlou kÆrukow ¶tuxen. (5) §n d¢ t“ periÛ°nai ka‹
yeçsyai tå katå tØn pÒlin §rom°nou tinÚw aÈtÚn efi boÊletai tØn ÉAlejãndrou
lÊran fide›n, §lãxista front€zein §ke€nhw ¶fh, tØn dÉ ÉAxill°vw zhte›n, √ tå
kl°a ka‹ tåw prãjeiw Ïmnei t«n égay«n éndr«n §ke›now. 16.1: ÉEn d¢ toÊtƒ t«n Dare€ou strathg«n megãlhn dÊnamin ±yroikÒtvn ka‹
paratetagm°nvn §p‹ tª diabãsei toË GranikoË, mãxesyai m¢n ‡svw énagka›on
∑n, sper §n pÊlaiw t∞w ÉAs€aw, per‹ t∞w efisÒdou ka‹ érx∞w: ...
Diodoros,
17.16.1-4:
Metå d¢ taËta [=tå metå YÆbaw] ı m¢n basileÁw
§panely∆n metå t∞w dunãmevw efiw tØn Makedon€an sunÆgage toÁw ≤gemÒnaw t«n
strativt«n ka‹ toÁw éjiologvtãtouw t«n f€lvn ka‹ pro°yhke boulØn per‹ t∞w efiw
tØn ÉAs€an diabãsevw, pÒte xrØ strateÊein ka‹ t€ni trÒpƒ xeirist°on tÚn
pÒlemon. (2)
t«n d¢ per‹ tÚn ÉAnt€patron ka‹ Parmen€vna sumbouleuÒntvn prÒteron
paidopoiÆsasyai ka‹ tÒte to›w thlikoÊtoiw §gxeire›n ¶rgoiw, drastikÚw Ãn ka‹
prÚw pçsan prãjevw énabolØn éllotr€vw diake€menow énte›pe toÊtoiw: afisxrÚn går
Ípãrxein épefa€neto tÚn ÍpÚ t∞w ÑEllãdow ≤gemÒna kayestãmenon toË pol°mou ka‹
patrikåw énikÆtouw dunãmeiw pareilhfÒta kay∞syai gãmouw §piteloËnta ka‹ t°tknvn
gen°seiw énam°nonta. (3) didãjaw oÔn aÈtoÁw per‹ toË sumf°rontow ka‹ parormÆsaw diå t«n
lÒgvn prÚw toÁw ég«naw yus€aw megaloprepe›w to›w yeo›w sunet°lesen §n D€ƒ t∞w
Makedon€aw ka‹ skhnikoÁw ég«naw Di‹ ka‹ MoÊsaiw, oÓw ÉArx°laow ı probasileÊsaw
pr«tow kat°deije. (4) tØn d¢ panÆgurin §fÉ ≤m°raw §nn°a sunet°lesen, •kãst˙ t«n Mous«n
§p≈numon ≤m°ran énade€jaw. skhnØn d¢ kataskeuasãmenow •katontãklinon toÊw te
f€louw ka‹ toÁw ≤gemÒnaw ¶ti d¢ toÁw épÚ t«n pÒlevn pr°sbeiw par°laben §p‹ tØn
eÈvx€an. lampra›w d¢ paraskeua›w xrhsãmenow ka‹ polloÁw m¢n •stiãsaw, pãs˙ d¢
tª dunãmei diadoÁw flere›a ka‹ têlla tå prÚw tØn eÈvx€an énÆkonta prosan°labe tÚ
stratÒpedon.
17.1-6: ÉEpÉ êrxontow dÉ ÉAyÆnhsi
Kthsikl°ouw ÑRvma›oi m¢n Ípãtouw kat°sthsan Gãion Soulp€kion ka‹ LeÊkion
Pap€rion. ÉAl°jandrow d¢ metå t∞w dunãmevw poreuye‹w §p‹ tÚn ÑEllÆsponton
dieb€base tØn dÊnamin §k t∞w EÈr≈phw efiw tØn ÉAs€an. (2) aÈtÚw d¢ makra›w naus‹n
•jÆkonta katapleÊsaw prÚw tØn Trƒãda x≈ran pr«tow t«n MakedÒnvn épÚ t∞w ne∆w
±kÒntise m¢n tÚ dÒru, pÆjaw dÉ efiw tØn g∞n ka‹ aÈtÚw épÚ t∞w ne∆w éfallÒmenow
parå t«n ye«n épefa€neto tØn ÉAs€an d¢xesyai dor€kthton. (3) ka‹ toÁw m¢n tãfouw t«n ≤r≈vn
ÉAxill°vw te ka‹ A‡antow ka‹ t«n êllvn §nag€smasi ka‹ to›w êlloiw to›w prÚw
eÈdoj€an énÆkousin §t€mhsen, aÈtÚw d¢ tÚn §jetasmÚn t∞w ékolouyoÊshw dunãmevw
ékrib«w §poiÆsato. EÍr°yhsan d¢ pezo‹ MakedÒnew m¢n mÊrioi ka‹ disx€lioi,
sÊmmaxoi d¢ •ptakisx€lioi, misyofÒroi d¢ pentakisx€lioi, ka‹ toÊtvn èpãntvn
Parmen€vn e‰xe tØn ≤gemon€an. (4-5,
additional troops). (6) ToË d¢ basil°vw énazeÊjantow §k t∞w Trƒãdow ka‹ katantÆsantow
prÚw tÚ t°menow t∞w ÉAyhnçw ı m¢n yÊthw ÉAl°jandrow [=MSS] katanoÆsaw prÚ toË ne∆ keim°nhn efikÒna xama‹ toË Frug€aw pot¢
satrapeÊsantow ÉAriobarzãnou ka€ tinvn ofion«n afis€vn êllvn §pigenom°nvn
pros∞lye t“ basile› ka‹ nikÆsein aÈtÚn flppomax€& megãl˙ diebebaioËto ka‹
mãlistÉ, ín tÊx˙ per‹ tØn Frug€an égvnisãmenow. (7) proset€yei d¢ ka‹ diÒti ta›w fid€aiw
xers‹n époktene› [=épokte€nei] maxÒmenow §n
paratãjei strathgÚn §pifan∞ t«n polem€vn: taËta går aÈt“ proshma€nein toÁw
yeoÁw ka‹ mãlista tØn ÉAyhnçn, ∂n ka‹ sunergÆsein (§n) to›w eÈhmerÆmasin.
18.1: ÑO dÉ ÉAl°jandrow
épodejãmenow tØn toË mãntevw prÒrrhsin tª m¢n ÉAyhnò lamprån §pet°lese yus€an ka‹
tÚ m¢n ‡dion ˜plon én°yhke tª ye“, t«n dÉ §n t“ ne“ keim°nvn ˜plvn tÚ krãtiston
énalab∆n ka‹ toÊtƒ kayoplisye‹w §xrÆsato katå tØn pr≈thn mãxhn, ∂n diå t∞w
fid€aw éndragay€aw kr€naw peribÒhton ¶sxe tØn n€khn. éllå taËta m¢n Ïsteron
≤m°raiw Ùl€gaiw §prãxyh. (2) Ofl d¢ t«n Pers«n satrãpai ka‹ strathgo‹ toË m¢n kvlËsai
t«n MakedÒnvn tØn diãbasin Íst°rhsan, éyroisy°ntew dÉ §bouleÊonto p«w xrØ
diapoleme›n to›w per‹ ÉAl°jandron. ...
PERSIKOS POLEMOS. Arrian, 3.6.3: tå d¢ §n PeloponnÆsƒ ˜ti aÈt“ nenevter€syai épÆggelto, ÉAmfoterÚn
p°mpei bohye›n Peloponnhs€vn ˜soi ¶w te tÚn PersikÚn pÒlemon b°baioi ∑san ka‹
Lakedaimon€vn oÈ katÆkouon. Fo€niji d¢ ka‹ Kupr€oiw prosetãxyh •katÚn naËw
êllaw prÚw aÂw ¶xonta ÉAmfoterÚn ¶pempe st°llein §p‹ PeloponnÆsou.
EPI TON PERSHN
STRATIA. Arrian, 7.9: Alexander, <<(1)
… (5) §w PelopÒnnhson d¢ parely∆n tå
§ke› aÔ §kÒsmhse ka‹ ≤gem∆n aÈtokrãtvr épodeixye‹w t∞w §p‹ tÚn P°rshn stratiçw
oÈx •aut“ mçllÒn ti tØn dÒjan tÆnde µ t“ koin“ t«n MakedÒnvn pros°yhken. … (7) …>>.

Kyros-Poros-Dareios-Aleksandros, from the narthex of hAgios Axilleios,
Pentalophos Kozanes, 18th cent. A.D. Epeirotes painted the church [photograph
scanned [11-05-2006] from
the ephemeris PENTALOFOS, FULLO
3o,
APRILIOS-MAIOS-IOUNIOS 1995, SELIDA 3, toË ANDREA TAKALIOU]. See TAFOS ALEJANDROU
below.
TAFOS ALEJANDROU. MONASTHRI AGIAS TRIADOS,
BUYOU-PENTALOFOU. PASSPORT, TEUXOS 18 | FEBROUARIOS 2007, 066 [065-066]
<<Chlå sthn
pÒrta thw eisÒdou o Agiow Sis≈hw monologe€ pãnv apÒ ton tãfo tou Megãlou Alejãndrou kai h Ag€a
Mar€na prospaye€ nã di≈jei m°sa apÒ tiw ptux°w tou roÊxou thw ton
da€mona>> [Above the entrance into the MonasteryAgios Sisoes is shown in a monologue
over the tomb of Alexander, with Agia Marina trying to drive away the daimona from the folds of her garment] (see below).
The Monastery was built in 1700 to a
preexisting one, some distance, of the Taxiarchai [A.D. 1550], and the painter
Michales from Chionades*, Epeiros, painted the Monastery’s religious
wallpaintings/icons/scenes [<<Prin fÊgoume ya doÊme sto kayolikÒ
thw MonÆw tiw ejairetik°w toixograf€ew tou Xionad€th zvgrãfou Mixãlh. Lãmpoun
ta xrusã kai ta profurã sto apogeumatinÒ fvw. «O Mixãlhw
zvgrãfise kai ãllew ekklhs€ew allã ed≈ doÊlece kai °zhse pãra pollã xrÒnia mÒnow
tou»,
dihge€tai o Serafe€m, galÆniow sto stas€di tou. «MÒliw tele€vse,
y°lhse na gur€sei sto xvriÒ tou allã l€go °jv apÒ to monastÆri p°yane. Den
gÊrise stouw Xionãdew, °meine ed≈ pou y°lhse o YeÒw». Chlå sthn pÒrta
...>> [see
above]. ÑO Serafe€m, ı fleromÒnaxow, ≤goÊmenow t∞w Mon∞w [the hieromonachos Serapheim, the Monastery’s prior]. Michales must also have been
one of the painters of Agios Achilleios and of the <<tetrarchy>>
Kyros-Poros-Dareios-Aleksandros, photograph above.
*Prbl.
bibliokris€a, TEREZA PENTZOPOULOU-BALALA: Sof€a ÉHliãdou-Tãxou, <<TÚ
KroÊsobo (1845-1903)>>, MAKEDONIKA 36 (2007) 279:
<<âHtan per€lamprh ≤ megãlh •llhnikØ §kklhs€a toË ÑAg€ou Nikolãou ≤ ıpo€a
kt€syhke tÚ 1832 ka‹ kÒstise 400 Ùyvmanik¢w l€rew. ÜEllhnew texn›tew §rgãsthkan,
ı P°trow épÚ tÚ xvriÚ K€rtsobo ¶kane tÚ julÒglupto t°mplo, §n« ı MixaØl épÚ tØn
Samar€na §zvgrãfise t‹w efikÒnew. ÑH §kklhs€a kãhke tÚ 1903>>.

Left photograph was taken by this
writer during a baptism, Sunday,
22 July 2007. Between Saint Sisoes and Alexander’s tomb, Alexander portrayed in
a skeletal state, there is an inscription which could not be properly read from
below. However, it has been read
by others: <<ÑOr«n se, tãfe, deili(«)n sou t(Ø)n y°an ka‹
kardiostalakt«n ˆmbron §kx(°)v.
Baba€, t(o)ioËto.
(âV) yãnate // yãnate, t€w dÊnatai f(u)ge›n se;>> [the Greek as rendered by this
writer]. NOTE: deili(«)n = deiliÒn: t(Ø)n appears as TIN, but there may be a ligature
between T and I: §kx(°)v, EKXAIV: t(o)ioËto, TIOUTO: (âV), O with a circumflex above it:
f(u)ge›n, FHGEIN. [my niece, Amalia, <<transmitted>> the inscription over the
telephone from Lazaros A. Papaioannou’s book about the monastery: TÚ
Monast∞ri t∞w ÑAg€aw Triãdaw stÚ BuyÚ Kozãnhw [Yessalon€kh, 1982], sel. 34/page 34. 10 Sept. 2007]
The photograph on the right with the
same theme is from the katholikon of the Barlaam/Varlaam Monastery/MonØ Barlaãm,
Met°vra/Meteora.
The photograph was scanned from Met°vra. ÑOdoiporikÚ toË A. Z. SofianoË,
ÖEkdosiw I. Mon∞w Metamorf≈sevw Megãlou Mete≈rou [MELISSA, ÉAsprobãlta,
Yessalon€khw, êneu xronolog€aw], sel. 30/page 30. One of the differences between the two
photographs is that the right photograph preserves the name ALEJANDROU,
third line from
the top. [1 Oct. 2007]
It is also published in Richard
Stoneman’s Alexander the Great. A Life in Legend [Yale University Press, New Haven,
2008] Colour Plates, No. 12. 27 March 2008
ÑO ÜAgiow Sis≈hw
ı Megãlow mnhmoneÊetai t‹w 6 ÉIoul€ou.
KALOTUXES/KalÒtuxew, §jvtikå/éerikå ˆnta
§mfan€zonta tØn parous€an tvn diå mikr«n énemostrob€lvn s¢ drÒmouw staurodÒmia t«n
ıpo€vn ≤ prosp°rash épagoreÊetai
pr‹n lexye› tÚ <<Ze› ı basileÁw
ÉAl°jandrow, Ze› ka‹ basileÊei>> (tr€w). Pentãlofow nomoË
Kozãnhw/ÉOrest€w. [ÖIsvw nå énaf°retai kiÉ éllaxoË §ntÚw t∞w
ÉIstosel€dow taÊthw]
PUTNH, IG II2 329, line 8: ...ow p...ou ÉAl°jandron par[ - - , discussed by Ian Worthington in ZPE 147 (2004) 59-71: <<Alexander the Great and the Greeks in 336? Another Reading of IG
II2 329>>. NOTE. As the inscription has survived, the name
ÉAl°jandron lacks
the title basil°a, and the setting up of a copy at Pytne=Pydna does
require a convincing explanation, which Worthington attempts. The surviving
letters at the beginning of line 13 suggest the restoration of [§p‹
f/ul]ak∞i for
lines 12-13, but who are/is [§p‹ ful]ak∞i at Pydna and for what reason/purpose?
Worthington is correct in assigning the [§p‹ ful]ak∞i to the Athenians, but it may not have
been for Alexander [the Great], as the name ÉAl°jandron appears in isolation and the
reasons behind the Athenians’ [§p‹ f/ul]ak∞i can only be conjectural.
[------------------------------------------------------------- lacuna
---------------------------------------------------------------------------]
[--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------]
[------------------]I[-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------]
[--------------]E.E[---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kata]
[p°mc]ai p[o]mpØ[n s€tou
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
˜souw]
[par°]xein
s›to[n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pa]
5 [r°xe]in t«i éndr[‹ •]kãs[t]v[i --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------]
[....]d ıpÒsoi ín [‡v]sin: §ån d[¢
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
si]
[thr°]si[on: ıp]Òyem m¢n ¶xein
s[›ton
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p°ran]
[mhn]Úw p[er‹] o ÉAl°jandron
par[°xein s€thsin ---------------------------------------------------------------------
doËnai t]
[«i Í]paspist∞i draxmØn ka‹ to›[w
loipo›w strati≈taiw
---------------------------------------------------------------- •kã]
10 [stv]i •kãsthw t∞w ≤m°raw épop°m[pein: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------]
[ßv]w ín x[r«]ntai t∞i stratiçi: §ån
t€[new t∞w stratiçw xr«ntai ple€ona xrÒnon, toÁw metapempom°nouw]
[d°]ka ≤mer«n dÒntaw s›ton
épop°m[pein: taËta efiw stÆlhn liy€nhn énagrãcaw ı strathgÚw §p‹ t∞i paral]
[i]ak∞i st∞sai §m PÊtnhi §n t∞w ÉAyh[na€vn égorçw skhn∞i/pÊlhi vacat?]
vacat
A
<<loose>> reconstruction of IG II2
329 is presented above; cf. A. J. Heisserer, Alexander
the Great and the Greeks. The Epigraphic Evidence [University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1980] 3-26, Chapter
I.
The decree undoubtedly concerns an Athenian stratiå and its provisioning in Makedonia, and Alexander (ÉAl°jandron, line 8) is to provide at some occasion for the maintainance of the
stratiã.
Who is then Alexander of line 8? As the decree’s spirit seems to have been <<captured>> herein, it may not be Alexander III but Alexander II, when Athenian generals were active in Makedonia. These, of course, are subject to change. [26-4-2007]
This writer saw the stone of 329 at the Epigraphik Museum, 23 August 2007, with Angelos Matthaiou and Elena Zavvou. A publication is under consideration/preparation. [9 September 2007]
Cf. Adrian Tronson, <<The Relevance of IG II2 329 to the Hellenic League of
Alexander the Great>>, AncW 12 (1985) 15-19. [vidi, 1 May 2007]
I. B. Antela-Bernárdez, <<IG II2 329: Another View>>, ZPE 160 (2007) 77-78. [9 September 2007]
Worthington, I., << Encore IG II2 329>>, ZPE 162 [2007] 114-116 [vidi 4 Mar./Mar. 2008]. Worthington
argues again that the ÉAl°jandron in the inscription (line 8) is
Alexander III who had made a treaty with Athens. However, it is overlooked that
329 is concerned with the s€thsiw of a stratiå and its duration. Moreover, why Pydna? At the time
of Alexander III Dion or Pella should have figured. (4 Mar./Mar. 2008)
As to how 329, especially the last lines, has/have been interpreted and
expanded, cf. Ernst Badian, <<History from ‘Square
Brackets’>>, ZPE 79
(1989) 59-70. [12 Sept. 2007]
It is also entered in makglossikaMerosA1.2.htm herein, under PUTNH, but the above text is the
latest updated [9 Sept. 2007/4 Mar. 2008].
Diodoros, 18.4.5: toÁw d¢ proeirhm°nouw naoÁw ¶dei kataskeuasy∞nai
§n DÆlƒ ka‹ Delfo›w ka‹ Dvd≈n˙, katå d¢ tØn Makedon€an §n D€ƒ m¢n toË DiÒw, §n
AmfipÒlei d¢ t∞w TauropÒlou, §n KÊrrƒ [=KÊrnƒ] d¢ t∞w ÉAyhnçw: ımo€vw d¢ ka‹ §n ÉIl€ƒ
taÊthw t∞w yeçw kataskeuasy∞nai naÚn ÍperbolØn •t°rƒ mØ katale€ponta [Alexander’s ÍpomnÆmata].
STEFANOI, IG II2 1496, lines 54-58: •t[°rvn] / stefãnvn duo›n, oÂw ı d∞mo[w] / ı ÉAyhna€vn §stefãnvse
ÉAl°ja[ndron], / stat∞raw : 2DDDD1ww / ka‹ draxmØ xrus€ou.
See comment under line 56; also Ian Worthington, ZPE 147 (2004) 69 and note 50. [331 B.C.]
============================
Heckel, Waldemar,
<<WHAT’S NEW IN ALEXANDER STUDIES>>, AMPHORA (a
publication of the American
Philological Association) 3.1 (Spring 2004) 10-11, 19.
Not a review of <<the dilettante: today virtually everyone with a historical bent is an authority on Alexander, ...>>.
=============================
Anson, Edward M.,
<<Alexander at Siwah>>, AncW 34.2 (2003) 117-130.
Bloedow, E., “Why did Philip and Alexander Launch a
War against the Persian
Empire?,”L’ Antiquité Classique 72 (2003) 261-274.
A most balanced review of the question, for the << revenge [or nationalistic?] element>> was strong in Alexander’s campaign, and it can be traced in this web site, for example, under Makedonis XIV: Makedonika Glwssika.
Under Nawotka, below.
Bosworth, A.B., The
Legacy of Alexander. Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda under the
Successors (Oxford University Press, 2002. Reviewed by
Rolf Strootman in BMCR
2004.01.31.
Briant, Pierre, Darius
dans l’ombre d’Alexandre
(Paris: Fayard, 2003). Reviewed by
Jan
P. Stronk in BMCR
2004.03.10. An informative review.
Cohen, Ada, “Alexander
and Achilles—Macedonians and ‘Mycenaeans’,” No. 30, in The
Ages of Homer. A Tribute
to Emily Townsend Vermeule,
Jane B. Carter and Sarah P. Morris, eds. [Austin: Univ. of Austin Press, 1995]
483-505 [text, 483-498; notes, 498-505], Figs. 30.1-7.
Heinen, Heinz, Geschichte
des Hellenismus. Von Alexander bis Kleopatra (Munich: C.H.
Beck, 2003. Reviewed by Roland Oetjen in BMCR 2004.01.29.
Holt, Frank L., Alexander
the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions
[Hellenistic Culture and Society, Univ. of California Press, Nov. 2003].

Nawotka, Krzysztof, “Alexander the Great in
Persepolis,” Acta Antiqua Academiae
Scientiarum Hungaricae
43.1/2 (2003) 67-76.
Page 75: <<Therefore the burning of the palaces in Persepolis
should be perceived as the high point in Alexander’s campaign of terror, waged
in Fars when conciliatory gestures had failed>>.
It is overlooked that the burning of the palace(s) at Persepolis was a
very act of revenge [see under E. Bloedow, above], although the burning must
have disturbed the native population [this would naturally happen, whenever a
foreign army moves through a particular area].
Reames-Zimmerman,
Jeanne, Eminence Grise at the Court of Alexander the Great [Diss.
Pennsylvania State
University, 1998].
An excerpted abbreviation of this dissertation in
http://www.pothos.org/alexander.asp?paraID=42

Romm, James, ed., and
Mensch, Pamela, and Romm, James, tranls., Alexander the Great.
Readings from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius [Hackett, Sept. 2004].
Worthington, Ian, ed., Alexander the Great: A Reader [Dec. 2002].
Worthington, Ian, Alexander
the Great: The Perversion of Power [Longman, 2003/2004].

---------------------------
RVJANH
> Rhoxane
IG II2 1492, lines 46-63=Elias Kapetanopoulos,
<<An Athenian-Makedonian Marriage of
Alexander’s Line>>, Balkan Studies 31.2 (1990) 259, note 5. recording Rhoxane’s
offerings/dedications to Athena Polias in 311/310 B.C., it appears.
Kosmetatou, E.,
<<Rhoxane’s Dedications to Athena Polias>>, ZPE 146 (2004) 75-80.
Page 75: IG II2 1492, lines
45-57, below [page 80: date: 327-316 B.C.]. Cf. Balkan Studies 31.2 (1990) 259, note 5 (above).
IG II21492, A, lines
45-57
[....7...] M[.......14....... ofinoxÒ]-
[hn? xrus]∞n én[°yhken
basil°vw ÉAlej]-
ãndrou gunØ ÑR[vjãnh ÉAyhnçi Poliãdi:]
sta : HH2DDDD[..3. ériymÚw sumpãntvn?]
xrus«n DDD1 [..........19.........]
kefãlaion s[taymoË xrus«n XXX...?]
vacat
=utÚn xruso[Ën liyokÒllhton ©n? én°]-
yhken basil[°vw ÉAlejãndrou gunØ ÑRv]-
jãnh ÉAyhnçi [Poliãdi: sta ....8....: pe]-
ri[tra]xÆlia [xrusç liyokÒllhta || é]-
[n]°yhken bas[il°vw ÉAlejãndrou gun]-
[Ø ÑRvj]ãnh ÉAyhn[çi Poliãdi: sta ...7....]
Dotted letters: h in [xrus]∞n and a in én[°yhken]=én[°yeken].
Cf. also page 78, note 18; read line 57: [Ø ÑRvj]ãnhÉAyhn[çi Poliãdi: sta ...7....].
= SEG 53.1 (2003=2008) 67-68, No. 172.
---------------------------------
APOGONOS ALEJANDROU/DESCENDANT of ALEXANDER
Kapetanopoulos, Elias, <<An Athenian-Makedonian Marriage of Alexander’s Line>>, BS 31.2 (1990) 259-267.
Smith, Rowland B. E., <<A Lost Historian of Alexander ‘Descended from Alexander’, and Read by Julian? Praxagoras of Athens Reviewed in the Light of Attic Epigraphy>>, Historia 56.3 (2007) 356-380.
===================
Elias
Kapetanopoulos
Professor Dr.
(Greece-Rome)
Department of History
Central Connecticut
State University
New Britain, CT
06050-4010 (USA)
Telephone:
(860) 832-2820
(office)
(860) 832-2804 (fax)
(860) 229-9960 (home)
E-mail: Kapetanopoulos@ccsu.edu
Web site: www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/elias.htm
Areas of Research:
Attic epigraphy-Athenian institutions of the Roman period (200 B.C.-3rd c.
A.D.), and early Makedon(ia): Makedones as Hellenes.
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