<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>

<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>

Elias Kapetanopoulos

Professor Dr. (Greece-Rome)

Department of History

Central Connecticut State University

New Britain, CT 06050-4010 (USA)

Telephone:

(860) 832-2820 (office)

(860) 832-2804 (fax)

(860) 229-9960 (home)

E-mail: Kapetanopoulos@ccsu.edu

Web site: www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/elias.htm

Areas of Research: Attic epigraphy-Athenian institutions of the Roman period (200 B.C.-3rd c. A.D.), and early Makedon(ia): Makedones as Hellenes.

=================================================

CENTER FOR ATHENIAN-MAKEDONIAN STUDIES:

MAKEDONIS ST' > MAKEDONIS VI

MEROS AÉ – PART I

20 Noembr€ou 1999 > 20 November 1999 = 24 Mart€ou 2007 > 24 March 2007

BIBLIOGRAFIA ALEJANDROU – ALEXANDER BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aleksandros, 100 drachmai.

Aleksandros-Boukephalas: Koinon Makedonwn.

AppleMark

---------------------------------

F€lippow ÉAristot°lei xa€rein:

ÖIsyi moi gegonÒta uﬂÒn. pollØn oÔn to›w yeo›w ¶xv xãrin, oÈx oÏtvw §p‹ tª gen°sei toË paidÒw, …w §p‹ t“ katå tØn sØn ≤lik€an aÈtÚn gegon°nai: §lp€zv går aÈtÚn ÍpÚ soË traf°nta ka‹ paideuy°nta êjion ¶sesyai ka‹ ≤m«n ka‹ t∞w t«n pragmãtvn diadox∞w.

Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights (A. Gellii Noctium Atticarum Liber) 9.3.6 [5, Latin translation (1-6)].

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PHGAI / (Main) Ancient Sources

[Demosthenes], 17. PERI TVN PROS ALEJANDRON SUNYHKVN

[Livy, Bks. 9.16.19-19.17 and 26.19.6-9.]

Diodoros, Bk. 17.

Curtius [Quintus Rufus], History of Alexander (Historiae Alexandri Magni Macedonis).

Plutarch, Life of Alexander; andMoralia [326 D-345 B]: On the Fortune of Alexander [Per‹ t∞w

ÉAlejãndrou tÊxhw µ éret∞w, lÒgoi b'].

Plutarch, HYIKA, APOFYEGMATA BASILEVN KAI STRATHGVN, 179 D-181 F [1-34

(ALEJANDROU)].

Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, XI.304-346.

Arrian, Anabasis Alexandrou.

Justin, Bks. 9.8-12 [-13]

9. 8.1. Decessit Philippus XL et septem annorum, cum annis XXV regnasset. (2) Genuit ex Larissaea saltatrice filium Arridaeum, qui post Alexandrum regnavit. (3) Habuit et multos alios filios ex variis matrimoniis regio more susceptos, qui partim fato, partim ferro periere. (4) Fuit rex armorum quam conviviorum apparatibus studiosior, (5) cui maximae opes erant instrumenta bellorum; divitiarum quaestu quam custodia sollertior. (6) Itaque inter cotidianas rapinas semper inops erat. (7) Misericordia in eo et perfidia pari iure dilectae. Nulla apud eum turpis ratio vincendi. (8) Blandus pariter et insidiosus, adloquio qui plura promitteret quam praestaret; in seria et iocos artifex. (9) Amicitias utilitate, non fide colebat. Gratiam fingere in odio, instruere inter concordantes odia, apud utrumque gratiam quaerere sollemnis illi consuetudo. (10) Inter haec eloquentia et insignis oratio, acuminis et sollertiae plena, ut nec ornatui facilitas nec facilitati inventionum deesset ornatus. (11) Huic Alexander filius successit et virtute et vitiis patre maior. (12) Itaque vincendi ratio utrique diversa. Hic aperta, ille artibus bella tractabat. Deceptis ille gaudere hostibus, hic palam fusis. (13) Prudentior ille consilio, hic animo magnificentior. (14) Iram pater dissimulare, plerumque etiam vincere; hic ubi exarsisset, nec dilatio ultionis nec modus erat. (15) Vini nimis uterque avidus, sed ebrietatis diversa vitia. Patri mos erat etiam de convivio in hostem procurrere, manum conserere, periculis se temere offerre; Alexander non in hostem, sed in suos saeviebat. (16) Quam ob rem saepe Philippum vulneratum proelia remisere, hic amicorum interfector convivio frequenter excessit. (17) Regnare ille cum amicis nolebat, hic in amicos regna exercebat. Amari pater malle, hic metui. (18) Litterarum cultus utrique similis. Sollertiae pater maioris, hic fidei. (19) Verbis atque oratione Philippus, hic rebus moderatior. (20) Parcendi victis filio animus et promptior et honestior. Frugalitati pater, luxuriae filius magis deditus erat. (21) Quibus artibus orbis imperii fundamenta pater iecit, operis totius gloriam filius consummavit. [A contrast of Philip and Alexander]

(Text, Teubner 1985, ed. Otto Seel)

Lucian

Polyainos, STRATHGHMATA, Bk. IV, ed. Ioannes Melber (Teubner 1970) 166-184, 3.

ALEJANDROS.

FGrH 2.1 (Berlin 1926), Nos. 116 (p. 617), 117-153 (pp. 618-828: Alexandergeschichte) [Diadochoi, pp.

829-884: Nos. 154-159].

Oxyrhynchus Papyri 15 (1922) 122-131, No. 1798. For Philip II’s assassination and funeral, etc., see

AncW 27.1 (1996) 81-87: Philip II’s Assassination and Funeral.

Oxyrhynchus Papyri 56 (1989) 6-16, Nos. 3823-3824 (On Alexander).

<< A Ptolemaic Fragment of an Alexander History>> by Willy Clarysse – Guido Schepens in Chronique d’

Egypte 60 (1985) 30-47 [text on pages 40, 46-47].

Incerti auctoris epitoma rerum gestarum Alexandri Magni cum libro De morte testamentoque Alexandri, ed.

P. H. Thomas [B. G. Teubner 1966].

<<An Introduction to the Metz Epitome: its Traditions and Value>> by Elizabeth Baynham in Antichthon 29 (1995) 60-77.

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B€ow ÉAlejãndrou [ed. W. Kroll, 1958]. Greek Alexander Romance.

B€ow ÉAlejãndrou (Alexander Romance) = Latin version of the Alexander Romance by Julius Valerius

Alexandros Polemios [ed. B. Kühler, 1888 ].

DIHGHSIS TOU ALEJANDROU (The Tale of Alexander. The Rhymed Version), ed. David Holton

(YESSALONIKH 1974).

The Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes, translated from the Armenian version with

introduction by Albert Mugrdich Wolohojian [Columbia University Press 1969].

Die quellen des griechischen Alexanderromans by Reinhold Merkelbach [ZETEMATA 9 – München: Beck 1977].

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Prokop€ou Kaisar°vw, PERI KTISMATVN, 6.2.14-18: PÒleiw d° poÊ eﬁsi dÊo §pÉ ÙnÒmatow

•nÚw ”khm°nai: AÈg€la går •kat°ra §klÆyh. atai toË Bore€ou di°xousin ıd“ tettãrvn ≤mer«n mãlista eÈz≈nƒ éndr€, tetramm°nai m¢n aÈtoË prÚw ênemon nÒton, érxa›ai d¢ oÔsai ka‹ t«n oﬁkhtÒrvn érxaiÒtropa tå §pithdeÊmata ¶xousai: yrhske€an går pãntew ka‹ eﬁw §m¢ tØn t∞w poluye˝aw §nÒsoun. §ntaËya §k palaioË t“ te ÖAmmvni ka‹ ÉAlejãndrƒ t“ MakedÒni én°keito ßdh. oÂw dØ ka‹ §sfagiãzonto m°xri §w tØn ÉIoustinianoË basile€an oﬂ §pix≈rioi. ∑n d¢ ka‹ ˜milow aÈto›w t«n ﬂerodoÊlvn kaloum°nvn polÊw. nËn d¢ dØ ı basileÁw otow oÈx ˜son §w tå s≈mata to›w kathkÒoiw §kporizÒmenow tØn ésfãleian, éllå ka‹ tåw cuxåw dias≈sasyai §n §pimele€& poioÊmenow, ka‹ t«n taÊt˙ ”khm°nvn ényr≈pvn katå pãnta proÈnÒhse trÒpon. [after a description of Ptolemais and Boreion (Pentapolis, Libya)]

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Ioannes Malalas, Chronographia, LOGOS OGDOOS, XRONVN MAKEDONVN, O 244-249 [CSHB, ed. B. G. Niebuhr (Bonnae 1831)].

Georgios Synkellos, Chronographia, P. 260-265B (ed. W. Dindorf, 1829).

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Die Historia de Preliis Alexandri Magni, ed. Hermann-Josef Bergmeister [Verlag Anton Hain – Meisenheim am Glan, 1975].

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U-Lead Systems, Inc.

Philip II’s Tomb. Façade: Alexander to the left of center.

Façade [left side]. Alexander [left].

Alexander. Façade.

Alexander. Façade of Philip II’s Tomb [from TO BHMA]. Below, Alexander. Sidon sarcophagus.

Alexander. Sidon sarcophagus [Scanned by Dave Gartner, Graduate Assistant, from Margaret Bieber, Alexander the Great in Greek and Roman Art (Argonaut, Chicago 1964) Pl. XVIII, 34 a-b]. Note the similarity between these faces of Alexander and the face of Alexander in the façade of Philip II’s tomb above.

U-Lead Systems, Inc.

Alexander, ivory [from Philip II’s tomb].

Alexander sarcophagus (Sidon). Istanbul museum.

Ada Cohen, The Alexander Mosaic: Stories of Victory and Defeat (Cambridge University Press, 1997) 37, Figure 20.

Alexander sarcophagus (Sidon). Istanbul museum [Scanned by Dave Gartner, Graduate Assistant, from Margaret Bieber, Alexander the Great in Greek and Roman Art (Argonaut, Chicago 1964) Pl. XVIII, 35].

Alexander Mosaic. Pompeii. Battle of Issos [or Gaugamela?]. Cf. Curtius, 3.11.7-12 [Issos].

Alexander. Alexander Mosaic. Pompeii. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli. Battle of Issos.

Bernard Andreae, Das Alexandermosaik aus Pompeji (Verlag Aurel Bongers Recklinghausen, 1977).

Ada Cohen, The Alexander Mosaic: Stories of Victory and Defeat (Cambridge University Press, 1997).

Alexander. Krater [below, Alexander. Ruvo amphora].

Alexander. Ruvo amphora (Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli). Battle of Issos: Alexander pursues Dareios [scanned by Dave Gartner, Graduate Assistant, from a Xerox copy from Andrew Stewart, Faces of Power. Alexander’s Image and Hellenistic Politics (Berkeley 1993) Figs. 26 [above, Alexander. Krater] and 27 (end of book)].

Palermo mosaic: Villa Bonanno. Ada Cohen, The Alexander Mosaic: Stories of Victory and Defeat

(Cambridge University Press, 1997) 77, Figure 48 [photograph-drawing]. Lion hunt [Alexander-Krateros, probably]. ca. 100 B.C. Affinities with fresco of Philip II’s tomb, Vergina. [Scanned by Dave Gartner, Graduate Assistant]

Wootton, W., “Another Alexander Mosaic: Reconstructing the Hunt Mosaic from Palermo,” JRA 15 (2002) 264-274.

Perugia, Etruscan (ash) urn. Alexander battle. Bernard Andreae, Das Alexandermosaik aus Pompeji (Verlag Aurel Bongers Recklinghausen, 1977) 16, Figure 21. [Scanned by Dave Gartner, Graduate Assistant]

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fy€syai ÉAl°jandron ceudØw fãtiw, e‡per élhyÆw

Fo›bow: énikÆtvn ëptetai oÈdÉ ÉA€dhw.

Parmenion (Makedon). The Greek Anthology. The Garland of Philip, etc., ed. A.S.F. Gow and D.L. Page, I (Cambridge 1968) 292, V.

tÊmbon ÉAlejãndroio MakhdÒnow ≥n tiw ée€dhi,

±pe€rouw ke€nou s∞ma l°gÉ émfot°raw.

Adaios. The Greek Anthology. The Garland of Philip, etc., ed. A.S.F. Gow and D.L. Page, I (Cambridge 1968) 6, V.

ka‹ Maked∆n ı s€dhrow §n êori ka‹ tå prÚw élkØn / t∞w épÉ ÉAlejãndrou xeirÚw §pistãmenow, / Pe€svn, sØn poy°vn ﬂkÒmhn x°ra, toËto d¢ fvn«: / ‘xa€rvn dejiterØn eron Ùfeilom°nhn.’

ÉAnt€patrow YessalonikeÊw. The Greek Anthology. The Garland of Philip, etc., ed. A.S.F. Gow and D.L. Page, I (Cambridge 1968) 36, XLII.

doËraw ÉAlejãndroio, l1°gei d° se grãmmatÉ §ke›non / §k pol°mou y°syai sÊmbolon ÉArt°midi / ˜plon énikÆtoio brax€onow. î kalÚn ¶gxow, / œi pÒntow ka‹ xy∆n e‰ke kradainom°nvi. / (5) ·layi, doËraw étarb°w: ée‹ d° se pçw tiw éyrÆsaw / tarbÆsei megãlhw mnhsãmenow palãmhw.

ÉAnt€filow. The Greek Anthology. The Garland of Philip, etc., ed. A.S.F. Gow and D.L. Page, I (Cambridge 1968) 104, XXI.

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Scholion to Third Olynthiac 33(34).2: oÈ bãrbarow; ÑUbr€sai toËton (=F€lippon) boulÒmenow (=Dhmosy°nhw) kale› aÈtÚn bãrbaron. ÉEpe‹ tÚ élhy¢w skopÆsei, eÍrÆsei aÈtÚn ÜEllhna ÉArge›on ka‹ épÚ ÑHrakl°ouw tÚ g°now katagÒmenon, …w pãntew oﬂ ﬂstoriko‹ marturoËsin: ém°lei ka‹ tÚn uﬂÚn aÍtoË, ÉAl°jandron, mikrÚn komidª ˆnta, énagag∆n eﬁw tÚ ÖArgow miò fulª t«n §n t“ ÖArgei §n°gracen.B. [C. Müller, Oratores Attici II, Paris 1858, 550]=ÉArx. ÉEfhm. 1993 (1995) 23, under I.

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Philostratos, BIOI SOFISTVN, BÉ, aÉ. Per‹ ÑHr≈dou toË ÉAyhna€ou.

…, êrti d¢ ¥kvn §w tØn ÑR≈mhn ı LoÊkiow ≥reto tÚn aÈtokrãtora proÛÒnta, po› bad€zoi ka‹ §fÉ ˜ ti, ka‹ ı Mçrkow <<kalÚn>> ¶fh <<ka‹ ghrãskonti tÚ manyãnein: e‰mi dØ prÚw S°jton tÚn filÒsofon mayhsÒmenow, ì oÎpv o‰da>>. ka‹ ı LoÊkiow §jãraw tØn xe›ra §w tÚn oÈranÚn <<Œ ZeË>> ¶fh <<ı ÑRvma€vn basileÁw ghrãskvn ≥dh d°lton §jacãmenow §w didaskãlou foitò, ı d¢ §mÚw basileÁw ÉAl°jandrow dÊo ka‹ triãkonta (Ãn/§t«n) ép°yanen>>. épÒxrh ka‹ tå eﬁrhm°na de›jai tØn ﬁd°an, ∂n §filosÒfei LoÊkiow, …

Kapetanopoulos, Elias, "An Athenian-Makedonian Marriage of Alexander's Line," BS 31.2 (1990) 259-264, 265-267, Appendix.

Syll.³, No. 576 [IG XI(4), No. 750], lines 3-4: … ÉAl°jandrow Fil€ppou, épÒgo/now Ãn basil°vw ÉAlejãndrou/ … (init. s. II a. )=BS 31.2 (1990) 263 and 266, D.

Cf. SEG 48 (1998=2001), No. 503: [ÉAl]°jandrow. ÑO épÒgonow;

IG II² 3679=E.M. 10476 [med. s. III p.]

Photographed by this writer at the Epigraphikon in early August of 1992. Text from photograph:

égay∞i tÊxhi

≤ épÚ d&doÊxvn

ka‹ g°nouw épÚ Pe-

rikl°ouw ka‹ KÒnv-

now, katå d¢ MakedÒ- (5)

new épÚ ÉAlejãn-

d(r)ou ÑOnoratianØ

Poluxarm‹w tØn

[é]fÉ •st€aw ÉIoun€an

[Ye]mistÒkleian (10)

[tØn yugat°ra].

Line 6 ad init.: new; line 7 ad init.: dou; line 10: the mi may be partially visible and should be dotted.

(I looked at the squeeze on the 18^th-VIII-70, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and at the stone in the Epigraphic Museum on the 13^th-VIII-92).

BS 31.2 (1990) 259-264.

IG II² 3710 [init. s. III p.]

ÑOnvratianØn/ Poluxarm€da/ tØn ka‹ Fainar°/thn ÑOnvratianoË /(5) Poluxãrmou ka‹/ Klaud€aw Yemisto/kle€aw yugat°ra,/ Klaud€vn PrajagÒrou ka‹ Fil€ppou/ (10) t«n d&douxhsãn/tvn épÒgonon,/ tØn éfÉ •st€aw.

BCH 92 (1968) 507, No. 50: ÑOnvratianØ Poluxarm‹w ≤ ka‹ Fainar°th, et alii. BS 31.2 (1990) 260-261.

Honoratianus Polycharmos (lines 4-5) hailed from Beroia (B. Tataki, Ancient Beroea; Prosopography and Society [MeletÆmata 8, Athens 1988] 239, No. 977: ÑOnvratianÚw PolÊxarmow); BS 31.2 (1990) 261 (O. Walter, Arch. Anzeiger 57 [1942] 178, No. 16)=L. GOUNAROPOULOU-M.B. XATZOPOULOU, EPIGRAFES KATV MAKEDONIAS, TEUXOS AÉ, EPIGRAFES BEROIAS (AYHNA 1998) 187, ér. 99, metå fvtograf€aw:

katå tÚ dÒjan to›w/ krat€stoiw sun°droiw/ ÑOnvratianÚw PolÊ/xarmow Aﬁl€ou Po/tãmvnow toË patrÚw/ tå pãnta éndrÚw é/r€stou ka‹ kosm€ou/ tÚn éndriãnta én°/[sthsen (part below text shows damage; this writer’s photograph below)].

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SUGXRONOS BIBLIOGRAFIA <>MODERN SCHOLARSHIP

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<<Xtupçte, pelekçte, [paidiã], tÚn [ÉAl°jandro], d¢n tÚn tromãzei (≤ énaye≈rhsiw), fvtiã, sfur‹ kiÉ émÒni>>

[ParallagØ épÚ ÉAristot°louw Balavr€tou << O KATSANTVNHS>>]

Badian, Ernst, 'A Note on the "Alexander Mosaic"' in The Eye Expanded: Life and the Arts in Greco-

Roman Antiquity, edd. Frances B. Titchener and Richard F. Moorton, Jr. (UofC Press; Berkeley, 1999) 86-88. [See under Holt below.]

NOTE: The "dead" tree next to young Alexander [on his left in the façade of Philip II’s tomb at Vergina] resembles in a way the tree [by the left side of Alexander] in the Alexander Mosaic [which E. Badian would call the Darius Mosaic. It is true that Dareios' figure stands tall, but Dareios appears to be in a state of anxiety, whereas Alexander with a fixed look eyes the enemy, as he spears through a Persian with his long sarissa [For Alexander's pose, cf., e.g., The Archaeology of Athens and Attica under the Democracy, eds. W.D.E. Coulson, O. Palagia, T.L. Shear, Jr., H.A. Shapiro and F.J. Frost (Oxbow Monograph 37, 1994) 132, Fig. 2. Bl°pontew mØ bl°pein, Polybios 12.24.6: bl°pontaw mØ bl°pein]. This motif of 'Alexander-"dead" tree' appears also in a close parallel in the lion hunt mosaic from Palermo (Cohen, below, 77, Fig. 48; see above), for the young rider by the dead tree about to spear the lion has been identified as Alexander (Cohen, below, 76). The "dead" tree by Alexander is an artistic motif of identification, and one may recall Alexander's oak tree at Chaironeia mentioned by Plutarch in Alexander 9.2: ¶ti d¢ ka‹ kay' hmçw §de¤knuto palaiå parå tÚn KhfisÚn ÉAlejãndrou kaloum°nh drËw, prÚw ¥n tÒte kateskÆnvse, ka‹ tÚ poluãndrion oÈ pÒrrv tvn MakedÒnvn §st€n. Moreover, the "dead" tree projects Alexander's image more than a living tree with foliage would have done, and at the same time the Persian concentration magnifies Alexander's odds of victory. As for Alexander being depicted in the mosaic bare-headed, cf. Nikolaos of Myra in Andrew Erskine, “Life after Death: Alexandria and the Body of Alexander, Greece&Rome 49.2 (October 2002) 176: <<… He (=Alexander) built his city (=Alexandria) near the sea, which he himself stands near. And the form of the statue reveals his nature. First, he is carried riding high on a horse; not a horse that anyone could easily ride, but one suitable to the dangers that he faced. And the animal’s vehemence evokes the speed of his campaigns. Next, he has no helmet on his head. For he who intends to subdue and survey the whole earth has no need of helmets. Everything he has seized in his advance seems to lie in his eyes. … His hair, unconfined, streams in the wind and onward rush of the horse. Its locks appear like the rays of the sun. …>>. [Note 54 therein: Ps. Libanius, Progymnasmata 27, etc.] (copied with minor changes from Makedonis I: Alexandros-Philippos-Kleitos o Melas [web site herein])

Bosworth, A. B., Alexander and the East (Oxford, 1996). See under Holt below.

A review paper by Victor Parker: http://www.clas.canterbury.ac.nz/nzact/curr/alex3.html

Paper presented at the 1997 NZACT Conference

--------------------------------

*Holt, Frank L., "Alexander the Great Today: In the Interests of Historical Accuracy?", The Ancient

History Bulletin Previews [Internet, printed by this writer, 29-2-2000]. A balanced criticism of E. Badian and A. B. Bosworth's and Ian Worthington's adopted methodology (-gies) of painting an all evil Alexander [herein]. Worthington below.

---------------------------------

Reames-Zimmerman, Jeanne, "An Atypical Affair? Alexander the Great, Hephaestion Amyntoros and the

Nature of their Relationship," AHB 13.3 (1999) 81-96. VS EPI POLU KATASKEUASMA EIKASIVN.

Rice. E. E., Alexander the Great (Pocket Biographies, paper edition 1998). Pp. 128. (non vidi)

[=Pamphlet: Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Contoversial Issues in Western Civilization, Mitchell & Mitchell eds. [Dushkin/McGraw-Hill, 2000]: Part 1: The Classical World, Issue 2: Does Alexander the Great Merit His Exalted Historical Reputation? [N.G.L. Hammond, Yes; E.E. Rice, No (sample copy sent by publisher)].]

Translated into Greek, by D°spoina Rissãkh [EkdÒseiw <<Nef°lh>.>, sel. 87]. TA NEA, ORIZONTES, 08-09-2003. Sel. P22/ KvdikÒw ãryrou: A17734P221: MEGAS ALEJANDROS / <<H eleuyer€a tvn EllÆnvn °gine kraugÆ...>>, MANVLHS PIMPLHS [Online].

TA NEA, ORIZONTES, 09-09-2003, Sel. P24/ KvdikÒw ãryrou: A17735P241 [Online]: MEGAS ALEJANDROS / KataktÆseiw kai <<flert>> me th yeopo€hsh (MANVLHS PIMPLHS). Sun°xeia épÚ t«n énvt°rv. More after the above.

TA NEA, ORIZONTES, 10-09-2003, Sel. P28/ KvdikÒw ãryrou: A17736P281 [Online]: MEGAS ALEJANDROS / Me xar°mia kai persikÆ amf€esh (MANVLHS PIMPLHS). Sun°xeia épÚ t«n énvt°rv. More after the above.

TA NEA, ORIZONTES, 12-09-2003, Sel. P26/ KvdikÒw ãryrou: A17738P261 [Online]: MEGAS ALEJANDROS / Ton proskunoÊsan ki antap°dide me fil€ (MANVLHS PIMPLHS). Sun°xeia. More from E.E. Rice’s book.

Spann, Philip O., "Alexander at the Beas: Fox in a Lion's Skin" in The Eye Expanded. Life and the Arts

in Greco-Roman Antiquity, edd. Frances B. Titchener and Richard F. Moorton, Jr. (UofC Press; Berkeley, 1999) 62-74. See Worthington below, p. 44, note 17.

Whitmarsh, Tim "Alexander's Hellenism and Plutarch's textualism" CQ 52.1 (2002) 174-192.

The study’s agenda is set by its opening paragraphs, which compromise it, even though an Alexander may emerge from Plutarch’s Life as the author so asserts therein.

Worthington, Ian, "How 'Great' was Alexander?", AHB 13.2 (1999) 39-55. See under Holt above.

Worthington, Ian, AHB: Previews (online: 3 Apr. 2000): A reply to Holt's reply [above]. Worthington's

reply: It is overlabored a little to defend