THE KARANOS-PERDIKKAS ORACLES

KARANOS-PERDIKKAS-ARXELAOS / KARANOS-PERDIKKAS-ARKHELAOS

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Elias Kapetanopoulos

Professor Dr. (Greece-Rome)

Department of History

Central Connecticut State University

New Britain, CT 06050-4010 (USA)

Telephone:

(860) 832-2820 (office)

(860) 832-2804 (fax)

(860) 229-9960 (home)

E-mail: Kapetanopoulos@ccsu.edu

Web Site: www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/elias.htm

Areas of Research: Attic epigraphy-Athenian institutions of the Roman period (200 B.C.-3rd c. A.D.), and early Makedon(ia)/Makedones.

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CENTER FOR ATHENIAN-MAKEDONIAN STUDIES:

MAKEDONIS B' > MAKEDONIS II

11 ÉIanouar€ou 1997 > 11 January 1997 = 23 Septembr€ou 2009 > 23 September 2009

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THE KARANOS-PERDIKKAS-ARCHELAOS ORACLES

THESIS: Although the Karanos-Perdikkas oracles [Oracles 1 and 2 below] appear to refer to the same occasion, their divergencies reflect a correct sequence of Makedonian history.

Two oracles, actually three (below), associated with founders of the

Makedonian royal house, Karanos, Perdikkas and Archelaos, have been preserved

(cf. N. G. L. Hammond, History of Macedonia II [1979] 4-14). They are

ORACLE 1: Karanos=scholia to Clemens Alex., Protrepticus, ch.

2.11.2 and 8, ed. Otto Stählin, I (Berlin 1972), p. 300:

11, 2 teratoskÒpouw] KaranÒw tiw ÉArge›ow §p‹ ÙxÆmatow aﬁg«n katå

xrhsmÚn eﬁw Makedon€an metƒk€syh. PM

11,8 a‰gew (sc. sun°mporoi t∞sde t∞w gohte€aw a‰gew [aﬂ] §p‹ mantikØn

±skhm°nai)] Karan“ t“ Poiãnyouw ui“ §j ÖArgouw m°llonti époik€an

st°llein §p‹ Makedon€an eﬁw DelfoÁw §lyÒnti ¶xrhsen ı ÉApÒllvn

frãzeo, d›e Kãrane, nÒƒ d' §moË ¶nyeo mËyon.

§kprolip∆n ÖArgow te ka‹ ÑEllãda kalligÊnaika

x≈rei prÚw phgåw ÑAliãkmonow. ¶nya d' ên a‰gaw

boskom°naw §s€dhw pr«ton, tÒte toi xre≈n §stin

zhlvtÚn na€ein aÈtÚn geneãn te prÒpasan.

§k dØ toË xrhsmoË proyumÒterow genÒmenow <ı> KaranÒw, sÊn tisin ÜEllhsin

époik€an steilãmenow, §ly∆n eﬁw Makedon€an ¶ktisen pÒlin ka‹ MakedÒnvn

§bas€leusen ka‹ tØn prÒteron kaloum°nhn ÖEdessan pÒlin Aﬁgåw

metvnÒmasen épÚ t«n aﬁg«n. ”ke›to d¢ tÚ palaiÚn h ÖEdessa ÍpÚ

Frug«n ka‹ Lud«n ka‹ t«n metå M€dou diakomisy°ntvn eﬁw tØn EÈr≈phn.

taËta EÈfor€vn ﬂstore› §n tª ÑIst€& ka‹ t“ ÉInãxƒ. PM [=F. Scheidweiler,

Euphorionis Fragmenta (Bonn, 1908) 36, No. 30(24)] = B. A. van Groningen, Euphorion (Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1977) 96-97, No. 33, Le scholiaste à Clément d’Alexandrie, Protr. 11, 8 p. 300, 12 ss. St.:

Karan“ t“ Poiãnyouw uﬂ“ §j ÖArgouw m°llonti époik€an st°llein §p‹ Makedon€an eﬁw DelfoÁw §lyÒnti ¶xrhsen ı ÉApÒllvn: “frãzeo, d›e Karan°, nÒƒ dÉ §mÚn ¶nyeo mËyon: | §kprolip∆n ÖArgow te ka‹ ÑEllãda kalligÊnaika | x≈rei prÚw phgåw ÑAliãkmonow: ¶nya dÉ ín a‰gaw | boskom°naw §s€d˙w pr«ton, tÒyi toi xre∆n §stin | zhlvtÚn na€ein aÈtÚn geneãn te prÒpasan.” ÉEk d¢ toË xrhsmoË proyumÒterow genÒmenow KaranÚw sÊn tisin ÜEllhsin époik€an steilãmenow, §ly∆n eﬁw Makedon€an ¶ktisen pÒlin ka‹ MakedÒnvn §bas€leusen ka‹ tØn prÒteron kaloum°nhn ÖEdessan pÒlin Aﬁgåw metvnÒmasen épÚ t«n aﬁg«n. ÉVike›to d¢ tÚ palaiÚn ≤ ÖEdessa ÍpÚ Frug«n ka‹ Lud«n ka‹ t«n metå M€dou diakomisy°ntvn eﬁw tØn EÈr≈phn. TaËta [=TaËto] EÈfor€vn ﬂstore› §n tª ÑIst€& ka‹ t“ ÉInãxƒ.

Line 5 ad init.: zhlvtÒn. Cf. Euripides, Orestes, lines 543-544: zhlvtÚw ˜stiw

hÈtÊxhsen eﬁw t°kna/ ka‹ mØ 'pisÆmouw sumforåw §ktÆsato (XOROS).

For Karanos, cf. Eugene N. Borza, In the Shadow of Olympus (1990[1992]) 83.

Cf. Herodotos, 8.20: Bãkidi går œde ¶xei per‹ toÊtvn ı xrhsmÒw

frãzeo, barbarÒfvnow ˜tan zugÚn eﬁw ëla bãllh

bÊblinon, EÈbo€hw ép°xein polumhkãdaw a‰gaw.

Karanos' oracle is mentioned by

(1) Georgios Synkellos, Chronogr. P. 198A-C, ed. W. Dindorf, pp. 373-374: MakedÒnvn basile›w./ Kãranow ı ÉArge›ow Fe€dvnow édelfÒw, toË tÒte basil°vw ÖArgouw, ﬁd€an ktÆsasyai x≈ran speÊdvn dÊnamin lab∆n parå Fe€dvnow toË édelfoË, ¶k te ÖArgouw ka‹ t∞w êllhw PeloponnÆsou to›w katå Makedon€an tÒpoiw §p∞lye. summaxÆsaw d¢ ka‹ t“ ÉOrest«n basile› katå t«n plhsiox≈rvn ÉEordan«n (read ÉEorda€vn) legom°nvn, t∞w katakthye€shw x≈raw tÚ ¥misu proslab∆n diå tØn summax€an, par°labe (sc. Kãranow) tØn Makedon€an ka‹ ¶ktise pÒlin §n aÈtª katå xrhsmÒn, §j ∏w ırm≈menow sunestÆsato tØn MakedonikØn basile€an, ¥n kayej∞w oﬂ ép' aÈtoË died°xonto. ∑n d¢ ı Kãranow •nd°katow épÚ ÑHrakl°ouw, z' d¢ épÚ Thm°nou toË metå tvn êllvn ÑHrakleid«n katelyÒntow eﬁw PelopÒnnhson. Kãranow MakedÒnvn a' §bas€leusen ¶th l'. toË d¢ kÒsmou ∑n ¶tow 'dca'. prÚ t∞w pr≈thw Ùlumpiãdow ¶tesin ih'. épÚ Karãnou toË a' basil°vw MakedÒnvn ßvw ÉAlejãndrou toË kt€stou basile›w MakedÒnvn kd' ¶th .... Fe€dvn ÖArgouw krat«n édelfÚw Karãnou toË pr≈tou basil°vw MakedÒnvn m°tra ka‹ stãymia pr«tow §feËren, Àw tinew: ∑san d¢ ka‹ prÚ toÊtou. MakedÒnvn b' §bas€leuse Ko›now ¶th kh'. toË d¢ kÒsmou ∑n ¶tow 'dcla'.

P. 261 D-P. 262 A-D, ed. W. Dindorf, pp. 497-499: ÑO per‹ t∞w basile€aw MakedÒnvn lÒgow diå tØn éretØn ÉAlejãndrou ka‹ Fil€ppou toË patrÚw aÈtoË to›w filomay°si ka‹ per‹ taËta spodãzousin énagka›ow p°fuke. proke€syv goËn kefalaivd«w ÍpÚ m€an sÊnocin érxÒmenow épÚ Karãnou toË pr≈tou basil°vw MakedÒnvn ßvw ÉAlejãndrou. tÚ m¢n oÔn pr«ton g°now to›w basileËsi t«n MakedÒnvn eﬁw ÑHrakl°a énaf°retai. metå går tØn ëlvsin Tro€aw ¶tesin p' ÑHrakle›dai kat°sxon tØn PelopÒnnhson, §j œn aﬂ t«n Koriny€vn ka‹ Lakedaimon€vn basile›ai pr«tai sun°sthsan. xrÒnoiw d¢ Ïsteron per‹ tå t°lh toÊtvn ≤ t«n MakedÒnvn ≥rjato basile€a oÏtvw. Kãranow ı ÉArge›ow édelfÚw Ãn Fe€dvnow •nÚw t«n éf' ÑHrakl°ouw katagÒntvn tÚ g°now ka‹ t∞w ÉArge€aw basileÊontow spoudãzvn •aut“ x≈ran kataktÆsasyai dÊnamin ≥yroise parå toË édelfoË ka‹ §k t∞w ˜lhw PeloponnÆsou, mey' oÂw to›w Íp¢r Makedon€an tÒpoiw §pistrateÊsaw, summaxÆsaw ëma ka€ tini t«n ÉOrest«n legom°nvn dunãst˙ per‹ tØn x≈ran katå t«n plhsiox≈rvn barbãrvn, tØn ≤m€seian ¶labe x≈ran ka‹ pÒlin ≥geire katå xrhsmÚn ka‹ basile€an §n aÈtª sunestÆsato, ∂n oﬂ katå g°now §j aÈtoË ka‹ met' aÈtÚn died°xonto. Otow ı Kãranow épÚ m¢n ÑHrakl°ouw ia' ∑n, épÚ d¢ Thm°nou toË metå t«n êllvn ÑHrakleid«n katelyÒntow eﬁw PelopÒnnhson ßbdomow. genealogoËsi d' aÈtÚn oÏtvw, Àw fhsin ı DiÒdvrow ka‹ oﬂ pollo‹ t«n suggraf°vn, œn eÂw ka‹ YeÒpompow. Kãranow Fe€dvnow toË ÉAristom€da toË M°ropow toË Yeost€ou toË Kiss€ou toË Thm°nou toË ÉAristomãxou toË Kleadãtouw toË ÜUllou toË ÑHrakl°ouw. ¶nioi d¢ êllvw, fhs€, genealogoËsi, fãskontew e‰nai Kãranon Po€antow toË Kro€sou .toË Kleoda€ou toË EÈrubiãda toË Debãllou toË Laxãrouw toË Thm°nou, ˜w ka‹ kat∞lyen eﬁw PelopÒnnhson. oÔtow ı Kãranow l' ¶th §bas€leuse. mey' ˘n Ko›now pa›w ¶th kh'. metå d¢ toËton ı uﬂÚw Turimmçw ¶th me', ka‹ tØn loipØn t∞w Makedon€aw proselãbeto x≈ran, ka‹ kay' ˜lou tØn basile€an hÎjhsen. e‰ta ÉArge›ow pa›w Turimmç ¶th ldÉ, meyÉ ˘n F€lippow uﬂÚw ÉArge€ou ¶th leÉ., ktl. [P. 212 D-P. 213 A: MakedÒnvn basile›w. / MakedÒnvn gÉ §bas€leuse TÊrmaw ¶th meÉ. toË d¢ kÒsmou ∑n ¶tow ÉdcnyÉ./ MakedÒnvn dÉ Perd€kkaw ¶th mhÉ. toË d¢ kÒsmou ∑n ¶tow ÉdvdÉ. / MakedÒnvn eÉ §bas€leusen ÉArga›ow ¶th ldÉ. toË d¢ kÒsmou ∑n ¶tow ÉdvnbÉ. / Otow ı ÉArga›ow pr«tow §n Makedon€& te€xh ≥geire].

= FGH III, 689-693, under PORPHYRII TYRII FRAGMENTA: BASILEIS MAKEDONVN/REGES MACEDONUM, Syncell. P. 261, D: ÑO per‹ t∞w basile€aw MakedÒnvn lÒgow diå tØn éretØn ÉAlejãndrou ka‹ Fil€ppou toË patrÚw aÈtoË to›w filomay°si per‹ taËta spoudãzousin énagka›ow p°fuke. Proke€syv goËn kefalaivd«w ÍpÚ m€an sÊnocin érxÒmenow épÚ Karãnou toË pr≈tou basil°vw MakedÒnvn ßvw ÉAlejãndrou. TÚ m¢n oÔn pr«ton g°now to›w basileËsi t«n MakedÒnvn eﬁw ÑHrakl°a énaf°retai. Metå går tØn ëlvsin Tro€aw ¶tesin pÉ ÑHrakle€dai kat°sxon tØn PelopÒnnhson, §j œn aﬂ t«n Koriny€vn ka‹ Lakedaimon€vn basile›ai pr«tai sun°sthsan. XrÒnoiw d¢ Ïsteron per‹ tå t°lh toÊtvn ≤ t«n MakedÒnvn ≥rjato basile€a oÏtvw.

Kãranow (1) ı ÉArge›ow édelfÚw Õn Fe€dvnow, •nÚw t«n éfÉ ÑHrakl°ouw katagÒntvn tÚ g°now ka‹ t∞w ÉArge€aw basileÊontow, spoudãzvn •aut“ x≈ran kataktÆsasyai dÊnamin ≥yroise parå toË édelfoË ka‹ §k t∞w ˜lhw PeloponnÆsou, meyÉ œn to›w Íp¢r Makedon€an tÒpoiw §pistrateÊsaw, summaxÆsaw ëma ka€ tini t«n ÉOrest«n legom°nvn dunãst˙ per‹ tØn x≈ran katå t«n plhsiox≈rvn barbãrvn, tØn ≤m€seian ¶labe x≈ran ka‹ pÒlin ≥geire katå xrhsmÚn ka‹ basile€an §n aÈtª sunestÆsato, ∂n oﬂ katå g°now §j aÈtoË ka‹ metÉ aÈtÚn died°xonto. Otow ı Kãranow épÚ m¢n ÑHrakl°ouw iaÉ ∑n, épÚ d¢ Thm°nou toË metå t«n êllvn ÑHrakleid«n katelyÒntow eﬁw PelopÒnnhson ßbdomow. GenealogoËsi dÉ aÈtÚn oÏtvw, Àw fhsin ı DiÒdvrow, [ka‹ add. Scalig. perperam] oﬂ pollo‹ t«n suggraf°vn, œn eÂw ka‹ YeÒpompow: Kãranow Fe€dvnow toË ÉAristodam€da toË M°ropow toË Yest€ou (Yeost€ou codd.) toË Kiss€ou (KisoË B.) toË Thm°nou toË ÉAristomãxou toË Kleoda€ou (Kleodãtou A. Kleod€ou B) toË ÜUllou toË ÑHrakl°ouw. ÖEnioi d¢ êllvw, fhs€, genealogoËsi, fãskontew e‰nai Kãranon Po€antow toË Kro€sou toË Kleoda€ou toË EÈrubiãda toË Debãllou (Daibãllou cod. B.) toË Laxãrouw toË Thm°nou, ˘w ka‹ kat∞lyen eﬁw PelopÒnnhson. OÔtow ı Kãranow lÉ ¶th §bas€leuse: meyÉ ˘n Ko›now pa›w ¶th khÉ. Metå d¢ toËton ı uﬂÚw Turimmçw ¶th meÉ, ka‹ tØn loipØn t∞w Makedon€aw proselãbeto x≈ran, ka‹ kayÉ ˆlou tØn basile€an hÎjhsen. [E‰ta Perd€kkaw ¶th mhÉ. m. ] E‰ta ÉArge›ow pa›w (Turimmç h.v. delet m.) ¶th ldÉ, meyÉ ˘n F€lippow uﬂÚw ÉArge€ou ¶th leÉ. PrÚw oÂw ÉAlk°taw ı Fil€ppou uﬂÚw ¶th … [Pro his Scaliger : PrÚw oÂw ÉAerÒpaw ı Fil€ppou uﬂÚw ¶th kgÉ. ÉAlk°taw ¶th khÉ]. E‰tÉ ÉAmÊntaw uﬂÚw ÉAlk°tou ¶th [mbÉ suppl. Scal.]. ÑEj∞w ÉAl°jandrow ÉAmÊntou [¶th mdÉ Scal.]. Otow katå tØn J°rjou diãbasin P°rsaiw ¶dvken Ïdvr ka‹ g∞n. Otow ¶sxe dÊo uﬂoÁw, Perd€kkan ka‹ ÉAmÊntan, œn Perd€kkaw m¢n §bas€leusen ¶th [kgÉ Scal.]. ÉAmÊntaw d¢ pãnta tÚn b€on ﬁdivtik«w zÆsaw kat°lipen uﬂÚn ÉArida›on, oÔ pa›w g°gonen ÉAmÊntaw ßterow ım≈numow t“ pãppƒ, per‹ o •j∞w lexyÆsetai, p«w §p‹ tØn basile€an par∞lye. ktl.

NOTE. Kãranow (1): Commentary.

[Diodoros=Eusebios, Chronikon, 7 [LoebCL]

15. Cessante Assyriorum dynastia, post Sardanapalli ultimi regis Assyriorum mortem, Makedoniorum tempora succedunt.

Karanus ante primam olompiadem rerum cupiditate motus copias collegit ab Argivis et ab altera (regione) Peloponesiaca, et cum exercitu expeditionem in partes Makedoniorum suscepit. Eodem tempore Orestarum regi bellum erat cum vicinis suis, qui vocantur Eordaei, rogavit Karanum, ut ipsi auxilio esset: suaeque regionis mediam partem ei se daturum pollicitus est Orestarum rebus compositis; et rege fidem exsolvente Karanus regionem obtinuit regnavitque in ea annis XXX, tempore senectutis e vita excessus (excedebat); cuius principatum filius eius, qui Kojinus nominatus est, excepit et dominatus est annis XXVIII. Post eum regnavit Tirimmus annis XLIII. Perdikas annis XLII. Hic regnum suum adaugere volebat (ac propterea) Delphos misit. [see Diodoros, 7.16: oracle]

Et post pauca verba iisdem addens dicit (=Diodoros):

Perdikas annis regnavit XLVIII imperiumque Argaeo reliquit. Huic uno supra XXX annos regnanti Philippus in imperio suffectus est; qui annos triginta tres regnavit et potestatem Ajeropae reliquit. Hic vero cum annis XX dominatus esset, regni successionem excepit Alketas, qui annis XVIII imperavit, reliquitque potestatem Amintae. Regnante hoc annis IX supra XL imperium excepit Alexandrus, qui annos tenuit XLIV. Post hunc regnavit Perdikas annis XXII. Arkhelaus annis XVII, etc.

Makedonici regni generationem hoc pacto historicorum fideles ad Heraklem referunt. A Karano, qui primus in unum conflatam tenuit Makedoniorum potestatem, usque ad Alexandrum, qui Asianorum terram subegit, viginti quator reges recensentur, anni CCCCLIII. (Eusebios, Chronikon 1, p. 227)

16. Oracle to Perdikkas I, ORACLE 2 below.

17. GenealogoËsi d' aÈtÚn oÏtvw, Àw fhsin ı DiÒdvrow (ka‹) oﬂ pollo‹ t«n suggraf°vn, œn eÂw ka‹ YeÒpompow. Kãranow Fe€dvnow toË ÉAristodam€da toË M°ropow toË Yest€ou toË Kiss€ou toË Thm°nou toË ÉAristomãxou toË Kleoda€ou (=Kleodãtouw) toË ÜUllou toË ÑHrakl°ouw. ¶nioi d¢ êllvw, fhs€, genealogoËsi, fãskontew e‰nai Kãranon Po€antow toË Kro€sou toË Kleoda€ou toË EÈrubiãda toË Debãllou toË Laxãrouw toË Thm°nou, ˜w ka‹ kat∞lyen eﬁw PelopÒnnhson. (Georgios Synkellos, P. 262 B-C, ed. W. Dindorf, p. 499)]. And under (3b) below.

[Eusebius, Chron. I, p. 169 (under PORPHYRII TYRII), FHG III, 692:

Postquam Assyriorum opes corruerunt exstincto Sardanapallo rege ultimo Assyriae, Macedonum se tempora sistunt.

Ante primam Olympiadem Caranus rei acquirendae cupidus copias ex Argivis aliisque partibus Peloponnesi contraxit, atque in Macedonum fines expeditionem suscepit. Eadem tempestate bellum gerens Orestarum rex cum finitimis suis, nomine Eordensibus, Carani opem imploravit ea conditione ut ei mediam (l. dimidiam; ≤miseian Sync.) regni sui partem concederet, rebus Orestarum compositis. Jam vero quum rex promissa fecisset, regionem illam obtinuit, ibique annis triginta dominatus est. Huic grandi aetate confecto successit filius nomine Coenos, regnavitque annis duobus de triginta. Deinde Tyrimmas annis tribus cum quadraginta. Postea Perdiccas annis quadraginta duobus. Hic proferendi regni cupidus, legationem Delphos misit. Tum paucis verbis interpositis, subdit (quis? Diodorus?) regnavisse Perdiccam annis octo et quadraginta (an. 42 supra), ab eoque dignitatem ad Argaeum devenisse: quem regno annis triginta unoque perfunctum excepit Philippus, …

Et Macedonum quidem regum genus hac ratione a probatae fidei scriptoribus ad Herculem usque refertur. Jam a Carano, qui primus Macedonicum regnum conflavit ac tenuit, ad Alexandrum qui Asiam subegit, censentur reges XXIV, anni vero CCCCLIII. Hique singillatim ita se habent.]

Cf. Diodoros [=Eusebios, Chronikon, LoebCL III], Bk. 7

15. Cessante Assyriorum dynastia, post Sardanapalli ultimi regis Assyriorum mortem, Makedoniorum tempora succedunt.

Et post pauca verba iisdem addens dicit (=Diodoros):

16. Oracle to Perdikkas I.

[Constantino Porfirogenito, De thematibus , ed. A. Pertusi, STUDI E TESTI 160 (CITTA’ DEL VATICANO, 1952) 87, 49: ÉE<p>ekrãthse d¢ ≤ basile€a t«n MakedÒnvn érjam°nh épÚ toË tr€tou uﬂoË ÑHrakl°ouw KaranoË prosagoreuom°nou, aÈjhye›sa d¢ épÚ Fil€ppou toË patrÚw ÉAlejãndrou.]

(2) Solinus, 9.10-13: Macedonem Caranus insequitur dux

Peloponnesiae multitudinis, qui iuxta responsum dictum deo, ubi

caprarium pecus resedisse adverterat urbem candidit quam dixit

Aegas, in qua sepeliri reges mos erat...succeditCarano Perdicca,

secunda et vicesima olympiade, primus in Macedonia rex nominatus.

(Synkellos has nothing about an oracle that Karanos go to Macedonia).

(3) Justin, 7.1.1. Macedonia ante a nomine Emathionis regis, cuius prima virtutis experimenta in illis locis extant, Emathia cognominata est. (2)Huius sicuti menta modica, ita termini perangusti fuere. (3) Populus Pelasgi regio Bottia dicebatur. (4)Sed postea virtute regum et gentis industria subactis primo finitimis, mox populis nationibusque, imperium usque extremos Orientis terminos prolatum. (5) In regione Paeonia, quae nunc portio est Macedoniae, regnasse fertur Pelegonus, pater Asteropaei, cuius Troiano bello inter clarissimos vindices urbis nomen accipimus. (6) Ex alio latere in Europa regnum Europus nomine tenuit. (7) Sed et Caranus cum magna multitudine Graecorum sedes in Macedonia responso oraculi iussus quaerere, cum in Emathiam venisset, urbem Edessam, non sentientibus oppidanis, propter imbrium et nebulae magnitudinem, gregem caprarum imbrem fugientium secutus, occupavit; (8) revocatusque in memoriam oraculi, quo iussus erat, "ducibus capris imperium quaerere," regni sedem statuit; (9) religioseque postea observavit, quocumque agmen moveret, ante signa easdem capras habere, coeptorum duces habituturus, quas regni habuerat auctores. (10) Urbem Edessam ob memoriam muneris, Aegaeas, populum Aegeadas vocavit. (11) Pulso deinde Mida (nam is quoque portionem Macedoniae tenuit) aliisque regibus pulsis in locum omnium solus successit; (12) primusque adunatis gentibus variorum populorum veluti unum corpus Macedoniae fecit; crescentique regno valida incrementorum fundamenta constituit. VII.2.1: Post hunc Perdicca regnavit, …

=The Gests of King Alexander of Macedon, ed. Francis P. Magoun, Cambridge, MA 1929, p. 246 [Appendix II, The Compilation of St Albans from MS. Corpus Christi College 219, fol. 1r-6r]: In regione Peonia, quae nunc portio est Macedoniae, regnasse fertur Telegonus, pater Asterorei, cuius Troiano bello inter clarissimos uindices urbis nomen accipimus. Ex alio latere in Europa regnum Europus nomine tenuit. Sed et Ceranus cum magna multitudine Grecorum sedes in Macedonia responso oraculi iussus querere, cum Emathiam uenisset, urbem Edessam non sentientibus (fol. 1 v) oppidanis propter imbrium et nebulae magnitudinem gregem caprarum imbrem fugentium secutus occupauit; reuocatusque in memoriam oraculi, quo iussus e<r>at ducibus capris imperium querere, regni sedem statuit; religioseque postea obseruauit, quocumque agmen moueret, ante signa easdem capras habere, caeptorum duces habiturus, quas regni habuerat auctores. Urbem Edessam ob memoriam rei Egetis (uel Egeam), populum Egeadas uicauit. Pulso deinde Midanamis qui quintam portionem Macedoniae tenuit aliisque regibus pulsis in locum omnium solus successit primusque adunatis gentibus uariorum populorum ueluti unum corpus Macedoniae fecit, crescentique regno ualida incrementorum fundamenta constituit. Post hunc Perdica regnauit, etc.

Cf. N. G. L. Hammond, History of Macedonia I (1972[1981]) 156-157.

(3a) Livy, 45.9.3: Vicensimum ab Carano, qui primus regnabat, Perseo numerabant [see translator's note 1 in the LoebClLibrary: "Justinus XXXIII.2.6 says the thirtieth king, Eusebius (Schone I, col.242), the thirty-ninth, etc."].

(3b) Diodoros, VII.17=Georgios Synkellos, P. 261 D-262 A-D, ed. W. Dindorf, pp. 497-499 [under No. (1) above]. FGrH No. 115, F 393 (30) SYNKELL. p. 499, 5: otow ı Kãranow épÚ m¢n ÑHrakl°ouw iaÉ ∑n, épÚ d¢ Thm°nou . . . ßbdomow. genealogoËsi dÉ aÈtÚn oÏtvw, Àw fhsin ı DiÒdvrow <ka‹> oﬂ pollo‹ t«n suggeraf°vn, œn eÂw ka‹ YeÒpompow. Kãranow Fe€dvnow toË ÉAristodam€da toË M°ropow toË Yest€ou toË Kiss€ou toË Thm°nou toË ÉAristomãxou toË Kleadãtouw toË ÜUllou toË ÑHrakl°ouw, and IIB, 400-402, No. 115, F 393 (Theopompos). And under [Diodoros=Eusebios]17 above.

(4a) Velleius Paterculus, Historiae Romanae, I.6. (4) Hoc tractu temporum ante annos quinque et sexaginta quam urbs Romana conderetur, ab Elissa Tyria, quam quidam Dido autumant, Carthago conditur. (5) Circa quod tempus Caranus, vir generis regii, undecimus [=sextus decimus P] ab Hercule, profectus Argis regnum Macedoniae occupavit; a quo Magnus Alexander cum fuerit septimus decimus, iure materni generis Achille auctore, paterni Hercule gloriatus est. (6) [Aemilius Sura de annis populi Romani : … ]. I.7.1: Huius temporis aequalis Hesiodus fuit, circa centum et viginti annos distinctus ab Homeri aetate, vir perelegantis ingenii et mollissima dulcedine carminum memorabilis, … (Augustus/Tiberius)

(4b) Souda, s.v. Kãranow, eÂw tvn ÑHrakleid«n, stratologÆsaw §k t∞w ÑEllãdow, ∑lyen eﬁw Makedon€an êdojon oÔsan tÒte ka‹ §bas€leuse ka‹ diadoxª k°xrhtai m°xri Fil€ppou.

(5a) Et. M. p. 523, 39=FGrH IIB (1929), No. 135-136, 14: MarsÊaw ﬂstore› ˜ti Kn«piw, tÚ g°now KÒlxow, eﬁw Makedon€an §ly∆n di°tribe parå Karãnvi. uﬂoË d¢ genom°nou t«i Karãnvi ka‹ boulhy°nti tÚn pa›da épÚ toË ﬁd€ou patrÚw Ùnomãzein Kirãrona, ény€stato ≤ mÆthr, ka‹ aÈtØ épÚ toË ﬁd€ou patrÚw Ùnomasy∞nai tÚn pa›da boulom°nh. Kn«piw d¢ §rvthye‹w e‰pe<n épÚ> mhdet°rou Ùnomãzesyai aÈtÒn. diÒper Ko›now §klÆyh. ¶nioi d¢ èmartãnousi Ka›non aÈtÚn kaloËntew.

(6a) Satyros=Theophil. Ad Auto. 2, 7=FGrH IIIC, No. 631, 1: <<DionÊsou ka‹ ÉAlya€aw ... Dhiãneiran. t∞w d¢ ka‹ ÑHrakl°ouw toË DiÚw o‰mai ÜUllon ..... toË d¢ TÆmenon. toË d¢ Ke›son ..... toË d¢ ÉAristodam€dan. toË d° Kãranon. toË d° Ko›non, ktl. [=Ox.Pap. 27 (1962), pp. 121-122, under Fr. 1].

(6b) Satyros=Ox.Pap. 27 (1962), No. 2465, lines 17-19: ...../

...ÉAristodam[€da d¢]/ K[ãra]non Karãnou d¢ ka‹ Lan[€khw]/ [Koi]nÚn KoinoË d¢ Tur€mman, ktl.

For Lan[ike], cf. N. G. L. Hammond, History of Macedonia II (1979) 13; W. S. Greenwalt, "'Proto-Historical' Argead Women: Lan(ice?), Cleonice, Cleopatra, Prothoe, Niconoe," AHB 10.2 (1996) 47-50.

(7a) Const. Porphyr.. de Themat. 2 p. 22: ... [eﬁ] §krãthse d° ≤ basile€a t«n MakedÒnvn érjam°nh épÚ toË tr€tou uﬂoË ÑHrakl°ouw KaranoË prosagoreuom°nou, aÈjhye›sa d¢ épÚ Fil€ppou toË patrÚw ÉAlejãndrou, ....

(8a) Plutarch, Alexander 2.1: ÉAl°jandrow ˜ti t“ g°nei prÚw patrÚw m¢n ∑n ÑHrakle€dhw épÚ Karãnou, prÚw d¢ mhtrÚw Aﬁak€dhw épÚ Neoptol°mou, t«n pãnu pepisteum°nvn §st€.

Oxyrhynchus Papyri LVI, ed. M.G. Sirivianou et alii [Graeco-Roman Memoirs, No. 76; Egypt Exploration Society, London 1989] 8, No. 3823, col. II, lines 14-20: [..]ntew mnhsy∞nai t«n Í[pÉ aÈ/t]oË praxy°ntvn. ÉAl°jan[drow]/ går ı Fil€ppou gegon∆w k[atå]/ pat°ra m¢n éfÉ ÑHrakl°ou[w, ka]/tå d¢ mht°ra t«n Aﬁ<a>ki{n}d[«n]/ paralab∆n parå toË pat[rÚw]/ tØn érxØn dieno[e›]to ...

[(9a) Isocrates, Letter to Philip, 105-108, which may not belong

here: (105) ... Per‹ d¢ tvn êllvn, ≤goËmai tÒn te pat°ra sou (sc. Fil€ppou) ka‹ tÚn kthsãmenon tØn basile€an ka‹ tÚn toË g°nouw érxhgÒn, ... (106) ... ˜ te kthsãmenow tØn érxÆn, me›zon fronÆsaw t«n aÍtoË polit«n ka‹ monarx€aw §piyumÆsaw, oÍx ımo€vw §bouleÊsato ... (107) oﬂ m°n går §n ta›w aÍt«n pÒlesi ..., ı d¢ tÚn m¢n tÒpon tÚn ÑEllhnikÚn ˜lvw e‡ase, tØn d' §n Makedon€& basile€an katasxe›n §peyÊmhsen. ±p€stato går toÁw m¢n ÜEllhnaw oÈk eﬁyism°nouw Ípom°nein tåw monarx€aw, toÊw d' êllouw oÈ dunam°nouw êneu t∞w toiaÊthw dunaste€aw dioike›n tÚn b€on tÚn sf°teron aÈt«n. (108) ka‹ gãr toi sun°bh diå tÚ gn«nai per‹ toÊtvn aÈtÚn ﬁd€vw ka‹ tØn basile€an gegen°syai polÁ t«n êllvn §jhllagm°nhn. mÒnow gãr ÑEllÆnvn oÍx ımofÊlou g°nouw êrxein éji≈saw mÒnow ka‹ diafuge›n ±dunÆyh toÁw kindÊnouw toÁw per‹ tåw monarx€aw gignom°nouw. toÁw m¢n går §n to›w ÜEllhsi toioËtÒn ti diapepragm°nouw eÏroimen ên oÈ mÒnon aÈtoÁw diefyarm°nouw, éllå ka‹ tÚ g°now aÈt«n §j ényr≈pvn ±fanism°non, §ke›non d' aÈtÒn t' §n eÈdaimon€& tÚn b€on diagagÒnta, t“ te g°nei katalipÒnta tåw aÈtåw timåw ësper aÈtÚw e‰xen.]

Isocrates is not explicit as to Philip's ancestor, whether he has in mind Perdikkas [cf. N.G.L. Hammond, Hist. of Macedonia II (1979)14], Karanos or even Archelaos, but he states with certainty that the ancestor came from Argos. The other significant point to stress here is that Isocrates does not allude to an oracle or Delphi; rather he says the ancestor was seized by a desire for monarchy and for the basile€a in Macedonia, because monarchy was not tolerated by the Hellenes. On the other hand, his (108) §ke›non d' aÈtÚn t' §n eÈdaimon€& tÚn b€on diagagÒnta, t“ te g°nei katalipÒnta tåw aÈtåw timåw ësper aÈtÚw e‰xen may echo in some way Karanos' oracle (Oracle 1 above), lines 4-5: tÒte toi xre≈n §sti/ zhlvtÚn na€ein aÈtÚn geneãn te prÒpasan.

[(10a) Pausanias, Boiotika 40.7-9: … oÈ gãr ti MakedÒsin ﬂstãnai trÒpaia ∑n nenomism°non: l°getai d¢ ÍpÚ MakedÒnvn KaranÚn basileÁonta §n Makedon€& krat∞sai mãxh Kiss°vw, ˘w §dunãsteuen §n x≈r& tª ımÒrƒ: ka‹ ı m¢n trÒpaion ı KaranÚw katå nÒmouw toÁw ÉArge€vn ¶sthsen §p‹ tª n€k˙: §pelyÒnta d¢ fãsin §k toË ÉOlÊmpou l°onta énatr°ca€ te tÚ trÒpaion ka‹ éfanisy∞nai, sune›na€ te gn≈m˙ KaranÚn oÈk eÔ bouleÊsasyai barbãroiw to›w perioikoËsin §w ¶xyran §lyÒnta édiãllakton, katast∞na€ te xr∞nai mÆte ÍpÚ aÈtoË KaranoË mÆte ÍpÚ t«n Ïsteron basileusãntvn Makedon€aw trÒpaia ·stasyai, eﬁ §w eÎnoiãn pote toÁw prosx≈rouw Ípãjontai. marture› d¢ t“ lÒgƒ ka‹ ÉAl°jandrow, oÈk énastÆsaw oÎte §p‹ Dare€ƒ trÒpaia oÎte §p‹ ta›w ÉIndika›w n€kaiw]

[(11a) Arrian, 4.11.6: “… OÎkoun êrxein ge toËde toË lÒgou pr°pon ∑n, éllå memn∞syai går oÈ KambÊs˙ oÈd¢ J°rj˙ junÒnta µ jumbouleÊonta, éllå Fil€ppou m¢n paid‹ ( =ÉAlejãndrƒ), ÑHrakle€d˙ d¢ épÚ g°nouw ka‹ Aﬁak€d˙, ˜tou oﬂ prÒgonoi §j ÖArgouw §w Makedon€an ∑lyon, oÈd¢ b€&, éllå nÒmƒ MakedÒnvn êrxontew diet°lesan. OÎkoun oÈd¢ aÈt“ t“ ÑHrakle› z«nti ¶ti ye›ai tima‹ parÉ ÑEllÆnvn §g°nonto, éllÉ oÈd¢ teleutÆsanti prÒsyen µ prÚw toË yeoË toË §n Delfo›w §piyespisy∞nai …w yeÚn timçn ÑHrakl°a. …” (Kallisthenes to Anaxarchos)]

M.B. Hatzopoulos, BE 1997, under No. 357.

[(12a) Julian, Orat. III: EÈseb€aw t∞w basil€dow §gk≈mion, 106C-D: MakedÒnvn går oﬁk€sai fas‹ tØn x≈ran toÁw ÑHrakl°ouw §ggÒnouw, Thm°nou pa›daw, o„ tØn ÉArge€an l∞jin nemÒmenoi ka‹ stasiãzontew t°low §poiÆsanto tØn époik€an t∞w prÚw éllÆlouw ¶ridow ka‹ filotim€aw: e‰ta •lÒntew tØn Makedon€an ka‹ g°now ˆlbion épolipÒntew basile›w §k basil°vn diet°loun kayãper kl∞ron tØn timØn diadexÒmenoi; and Íp¢r ÉArge€vn (28), 407C-D: …, ¥ te ÑHrakleid«n kãyodow …, ¥ te eﬁw MakedÒnaw §ke›yen époik€a …: Fil€ppou te gãr ka‹ ÉAlejãndrou t«n pãnu t«n progÒnvn patr‹w ∑n aÏth (=≤ pÒliw ÉArge€vn).]

[(13a) Lykophron, Alexandra, lines 799-804: mãntin d¢ nekrÚn EÈrutån st°cei le∆w/ ˜ t' aﬁpÁ na€vn TrampÊaw §d°ylion,/ §n √ pot' aÔyiw ÑHrakl∞ fy€sei drãkvn/ Tumfa›ow §n yo€naisin Aﬁy€kvn prÒmow,/ tÚn AﬁakoË te képÚ Pers°vw sporçw/ ka‹ Thmene€vn oÈk êpvyen aﬂmãtvn.]

[(14a) Malalas 161: pr«tow §bas€leusen ı Kãranow = N.G.L.Hammond (and G.T. Griffith), A History of Macedonia, II (Oxford, 1979) 35, under note 3.]

[(15a) Souda, MarsÊaw, Periãndrou, Pella›ow, ﬂstorikÚw. ... ¶grace Makedonikå §n bibl€oiw d°ka: ≥rjato d¢ épÚ toË pr≈tou basileÊsantow MakedÒnvn Karãnou [=ka‹] m°xri t∞w ÉAlejãndrou toË Fil€ppou §p‹ tØn Sur€an §fÒdou, ... = N.G.L.Hammond (and G.T. Griffith), A History of Macedonia, II (Oxford, 1979) 35, under note 3 (Hammond: Karãnou=ka€).]

[(16a) Ioannes Malalas, Chronographia, ed. Ioannes Thurn, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, vo. XXXV, Series Berolinensis (W. de Gruyter, 2000) 125, LOGOS EKTOS, 16 ÉEn d¢ to›w aÈto›w xrÒnoiw §bas€leusen ≤ Makedon€a x≈ra: §n √ pr«tow §bas€leusen ı KranaÚw ¶th khÉ . ka‹ loipÚn §bas€leusan êlloi kgÉ ßvw Fil€ppou. ∑san d¢ tÒte tå t«n ÑEllÆnvn didãskontew filÒsofoi ka‹ poihta‹ Sofokl∞w ka‹ ÑHrãkleitow ka‹ EÈrip€dhw ka‹ ÑHrÒdotow ka‹ Svkrãthw ka‹ ı m°gaw PuyagÒraw. ∑n d¢ ÑHrakl∞w gennhye‹w §n to›w proeirhm°noiw énvt°rv xrÒnoiw §n Lat“ t∞w Yhba˝dow, §k g°nouw Ípãrxvn toË ÑHrakl°ow toË §k t∞w ÉAlkmÆnhw ka‹ toË P€kou DiÒw: ... App. crit.: 32 KranaÚw OSI Cedr. 245,4: KarvnÚw ci. Chilm. 33 kgÉ OSI: kbÉ in app. crit. ci. Dind.: kwÉ Cedr. 245,5.] NOTE. KranaÚw = Kãranow.

ORACLE 2: Perdikkas=Diodoros, 7.16 (Const. Exc. 4, p. 274=LoebCL):

ÜOti Perd€kkaw tØn ﬁd€an basile€an aÈj∞sai boulÒmenow ±r≈thsen eﬁw DelfoÊw. ≤ d° ¶fh,

¶sti krãtow bas€leion égauo›w Thmen€daisi

ga€hw ploutofÒroio: d€dvsi går aﬁg€oxow ZeÊw.

éll' ‡y' §peigÒmenow Bouth€da prÚw polÊmhlon:

¶nya d' ên érgik°rvtaw ‡d˙w xion≈deaw a‰gaw

eÈnhy°ntaw Ópnƒ, ke€nhw xyonÚw §n dap°doisi

yËe yeo›w makãressi ka‹ êstu kt€ze pÒlhow.

The MS's Bouth€da (ad med. line 3) has been emended by some to Botth€da; see N. G. L. Hammond, History of Macedonia, II (l979), p. 8. Line 5: Ïpnƒ, an alternate reading of ÍpÉ ±«.

[Perdikkas, Oracle 2a]: Justin, 7.2: (1) Post hunc (sc. Caranum)

Perdicca regnavit, cuius et vita illustris, et mortis postrema, veluti

ex oraculo praecepta, memorabilia fuere. (2) Si quidem senex

moriens Argeo filio monstravit locum, quo condi vellet; ibique non

sua tantum, sed et succedentium sibi regum, ossa poni iussit; (3)

praefatus, "quoad ibi conditae posterorum reliquiae forent, regnum

in familia mansurum." (4) creduntque hac superstitione extinctam in

Alexandro stirpem, quia locum sepulturae mutaverit [=The Gests of King Alexander of Macedon, ed. Francis P. Magoun (Cambridge, MA,1929) 246 [Appendix II, The Compilation of St Albans from MS. Corpus Christi College 219, fol. 1r-6r]: Post hunc (=Ceranum) Perdica regnauit, cuius et uita illustris et mortis postrema, uelut ex oraculo, precepta memorabilia fuere. Siquidem senex moriens Argeonlion monstrauit locum, quo condi uellet; ibique non sua tantum, sed et succedentium sibi in regnum ossa poni iussit, etc.].

Eusebius, Chron. I, p. 169 [FGH III, 692, under PORPHYRII TYRII]

Deinde Tyrimmas annis tribus cum quadraginta. Postea Perdiccas annis quadraginta duobus. Hic proferendi regni cupidus, legationem Delphos misit. Tum paucis verbis interpositis, subdit (quis? Diodorus?) regnavisse Perdiccam annis octo et quadraginta (an. 42 supra), ab eoque dignitatem ad Argaeum devenisse: quem regno annis triginta unoque perfunctum excepit Philippus, …

Cf. Diodoros, 7.15-17.

ORACLE 3: Archelaos. This oracle (xrhsmÒw) is echoed in Dio

Chrysostom's Fourth Discourse on Kingship, 70-72: SÁ (sc. DiÒgenew), ¶fh (sc. ÉAl°jandrow), kele™Áeiw §m¢ dify°ran labe›n tÚn éf' ÑHrakl°ouw gegonÒta ka‹ tvn ÑEllÆnvn ≤gemÒna ka‹ MakedÒnvn basil°a; Pãnu ge, e‰pen, Àsper ı prÒgonÒw sou. Po›ow, ¶fh, prÒgonow; ÉArx°laow. µ oÈk aﬁpÒlow ∑n ı ÉArx°laow oÈd¢ ∑lyen eﬁw Makedon€an a‰gaw •laÊnvn; pÒteron oÔn aÈtÚn §n porfÊr& mçllon µ §n dify°r& o‡ei toËto poie›n; ka‹ ı ÉAl°jandrow éne€yh te ka‹ §g°lase ka‹ ¶fh, Tå per‹ tÚn xrhsmÒn, Œ DiÒgenew, l°geiw; ı d¢ strufn“ t“ pros≈pƒ, Po›on, ¶fh, xrhsmÒn; oÔk e‰da ¶gvge plØn ˜ti aﬁpÒlow ∑n ı ÉArx°laow ....

Oracle 3a, Archelaos: In Hygini Fabulae [ed. H. I. Rose, A. W. Sijthoff, 1934], 143-

144, CCXIX. ARCHELAUS, Archelaus Temeni filius exsul a fratribus eiectus in

Macedoniam ad regem Cisseum uenit, qui cum a finitimis oppugnaretur Archelao

regnum et filiam in coniugium dare pollicetur si se ab hoste tutatus esset

Aarchelaus, quia ab Hercule esset oriundus (10), nam Temenus Herculis filius fuit.

2. qui hostes uno proelio fugauit et ab rege pollicita petit. ille ab amicis dissuasus

fidem fraudauit eumque per dolum interficere uoluit. 3. itaque foueam iussit fieri

et multos carbones eo ingeri et incendi et super uirgulta tenuia poni, quo cum

Archelaus uenisset ut decideret. 4. hoc regis seruus Archelao (15) patefecit; qui

re cognita dicit se cum rege colloqui uelle secreto; arbitris semotis Archelaus

regem arreptum in foueam coniecit atque ita eum perdidit. 5. inde profugit ex

responso Apollinis in Macedoniam capra duce, oppidumque ex nomine caprae

Aegeas constituit. ab hoc Alexander Magnus oriundus esse dicitur.

The implied Oracle 3, together with 3a, has commonalities with Oracles 1

and 2 in that all mention the a‰j-capra, while Oracles

2 and 3 also speak of the founding of a city, êstu pÒlhow and

oppidum respectively. The other commonality of these oracles is

that their origin is attributed to Delphi. The oracles, as

transmitted, represent three traditions concerning the founding of

the Makedonian dynasty, or perhaps more correctly two traditions,

because the Karanos oracle (Oracle 1 above) simply extends the

Makedonian dynasty by three kings before Perdikkas I. The

introduction of Archelaos, as the founder of the Makedonian dynasty,

is attributed to Euripides, and fragments of his play by the same

name have been preserved, as studied by A. Harder who also gave an

overview of the problem [Euripides' Kresphontes and Archelaos (Leiden, 1985)

125sqq.]. However, the present writer is not concerned with the traditions per

se which must be owed to different rival members of the royal Makedonian

family. Rather this writer attempts to obtain the correct sequence and

interpretation of Oracles 1 and 2, concurrently with Oracle 3.

The Karanos and Perdikkas oracles (Oracles 1 and 2 above) display

commonalities but also divergencies at the same time. Oracle 1 is

securely associated with Karanos, while for Oracle 2 it is reported that

Perdikkas (I) consulted Delphi, when he wished to increase his kingdom

(below). Moreover, Oracle 1 clearly states that Karanos is to leave ÖArgow

te ka‹ ÑEllãda kalligÊnaika and go to the phgåw ÑAliãkmonow, whereas Oracle

2 mentions the krãtow bas€leion égauo›wThmen€daisi, which at first sight

Argos in the Peloponnese comes to mind, and the destination is said to be

Bouth€da. The verbs used for go in both oracles are x≈rei and ‡y'

respectively at almost the same position (beginning of lines 3 and 3).

Oracle 2 implies urgency, as Perdikkas is told to hasten (§peigÒmenow) to

Bouteis rich in flocks, but no such urgency is implied in Karanos' oracle

(Oracle 1 above). The command in Oracle 1 is simply x≈rei prÚw phgåw Ñ

Aliãkmonow, etc. However, both oracles have ¶nya d' ên ... §s€d˙w and ¶nya d' ên

... ‡d˙w in lines 3-4 and 4 respectively, with the only difference being the

compound form §s€d˙w (from §se€dv) in Oracle 1. The other commonality of

Oracles 1 and 2 is a‰gaw in lines 3 and 4 respectively, but the context of

the mentioned a‰gaw differs.

Oracle 1 has the a‰gaw in motion, lines 3-4: a‰gaw/ boskom°naw, while Oracle

2's a‰gaw are stationery (lines 4-5: a‰gaw/ eÈnhy°ntaw Ïpnƒ), although

line division in both oracles is at a‰gaw [cf. Th. K. Johansen, "Truth, Lies and

History in Plato's Timaeus-Critias" in on-line HISTOS 2 [1998], Feb. 1999,

(pp.1-2): Sokrates on still-in motion animal]. Moreover, the a‰gaw in Oracle 2

are given a definite description of érgik°rvtaw ... xion≈deaw. The implied time

element in Oracle 1 would be early morning (before 10:00 AM) or late

afternoon (after 4:00 PM), as the goats are said to be in motion, that is,

grazing, , while the time for Oracle 2 would be between 10:00 AM and

4:00 PM in summer when the goats would be at stãlow, though eÈnhy°ntaw

Ïpnƒ implies deep sleep and perhaps night is intended. However, this

would be excluded by the fact that the goats are to be seen and so

daylight is favored, as for Oracle 1 [although, of course, their white color

would make them discernible even at night]. The goats of Oracle 2, as

noted above, are érgik°rvtaw and xion≈deaw, that is, "white-horned, white

as snow goats" (cf. Homer, Iliad XIX.121: ZeË pãter érgik°raune). This would

have been an extraordinary phenomenon to encounter, but the goats did not

have perhaps to be totally snow-white, although this may deviate from

the oracle's intended symbolism. According to Diodoros, 16.26.1-3, goats (a‰gew)

discovered the oracular shrine (tÚ mante›on) at Delphi, and this may cast light on

the mentioning of goats in the two oracles [Oracles 1 & 2] reviewed herein, the

goats being very inquisitive.

-------------------------------------------------

As a digression this writer encountered a flock of goats of varied color when he visited

the archaeological site(s) at Aiane toward the end of August 1992.

Photograph taken by this writer on the 22^nd of August 1992. The acropolis is partially seen in the upper, right corner [the location is by the lãkkow below between the acropolis and the tombs].

Cf. also the a‡j stamp from Aigai (Vergina)

AEMY 16 [2002=YES/NIKH 2004] 493, 496, eﬁk. 1-3 [a‰gew-keram€dew].

--------------------------------------------------

Another significant divergence between Oracles 1 and 2 is that

Oracle 1 instructs Karanos na€ein there (i.e., he and all his descendants),

while Oracle 2 tells Perdikkas to sacrifice to the yeo›w makãressi and

found (kt€ze) an êstu pÒlhow (line 6) where he first saw the eÈnhy°ntaw

a‰gaw. Now the location of the palace at Aigai (Vergina), and as suggested

by the oak tree there today, would have been an ideal spot for the goats at

stãlow in a hot summer day. It is not entirely clear why the goat (a‰j) is

the common motif in all three oracles above, but the goat (a‰j) appears as

a symbol on Alexander I's coins (E. N. Borza, In the Shadow of Olympus

(1990[1992]) 127-128 and 285-286 [coins]; N.G.L. Hammond, Hist. of

Macedonia II [1979] 8). Although the goat is found on non-Makedonian coins

as well, Alexander I's goat (a‰j) may echo Oracle 2 and Herodotos' dynastic

genealogy in Bk. VIII.137-139. On the other hand, Alexander I's goat, as found

also on other Makedonian coins, may reflect the pastoral life of the early

Makedones and their close bond with goats (a‰gew), since as highlanders the

Makedones would have been mostly engaged in pastoralism, for the

Grammos-Pindos area and other areas of Upper Macedonia are very

suitable for goats, which were also preferred in modern times. Sheep

(prÒbata) also graze(d) in these areas, but sheep do not make a good,

dynastic symbolism and the terrain favors the goat. The goat evokes a

certain air of smartness that the sheep lack, and the goat's meat

may have been cherished more, as well as its milk and skin as dress and

storage container. The goat's skin is evoked in Diogenes' dify°ra (Oracle 3

above) and in Alexander's dify°rai in his speech to the Makedones, as

reported by Arrian in Bk. VII.9.2 [=ÉArx. ÉEfhm. 1993 (1995) 28, under W].

Oracles 1 and 2 above have been transmitted detached from their original

context, and consequently skepticism has arisen. In Herodotos, Bk. VIII.137,

Alexander I is the seventh descendant-successor from Perdikkas I who

flourished around 650 B.C. (ÉArx. ÉEfhm. 1993[1995] 23, under I). From

Herodotos, and Thucydides II.99.3, it is learned that Alexander and his

father Amyntas, and the other kings before them, reckoned their genealogy

from Perdikkas I, the founder of Aigai, which is echoed in Oracle 2 above: ‡y' ...

Bouth€da prÚw polÊmhlon ... ka‹ êstu kt€ze pÒlhow [cf. N.G.L. Hammond, Hist. of

Macedonia, II (1979) 8. St. Byz., s.v. P°lla, pÒliw Makedon€aw, Yessal€aw,

ÉAxa˝aw, ko€lhw Sur€aw, ≤ BoËtiw legom°nh. ÑH BoËtiw seems to connect the

Perdikkas oracle with Pella. St. Byz., s.v. Aﬁga€, has called Aigai(ai) mhlobÒteira

(BS 31 (1990) 266, under C]. The Karanos oracle (Oracle 1 above) has been

associated with the foundation of Aigai(ai), because of apparent similarities

(e.g., a‰gaw), and accordingly the phgåw Ñ Aliãkmonow have been rendered by N.

G. L. Hammond as the "waters of Haliacmon" (Hist. of Macedonia II [1979] 9).

The usual meaning of phga‹ is the source(s) of a river, but at times it may also

denote the "waters" or "streams" of a river [cf. Homer, Iliad 23.144-148, for

example]; see also Euripides’ Bakkhai, lines 519-524: ÉAxel–ou yÊgater,/ pÒtniÉ

eÈpãryene D€rka,/ sÁ går §n sa›w pote paga›w/ tÚ DiÚw br°fow ¶labew,/ ˜te mhr“ purÚw

§j é/yanãtou ZeÁw ı tek∆n ¥r/pas° nin, tãdÉ énaboãsaw (XOROS). In any case, with the

appearance of Karanos Perdikkas I becomes the fourth inclusive king after Karanos.

Satyros' genealogy of Makedonian kings has Karanos precede Perdikkas I by two kings

(above), and it illustrates Ptolemy I Soter's genealogy.

The Haliakmon has its sources in Orestis, Grammos range, and eventually

exits into the Thermaic Gulf, not far from Aigai(ai). Oracle 1 expressly

tells Karanos to leave ÖArgow te ka‹ ÑEllãda kalligÊnaika and go to the

phgåw ÑAliãkmonow and dwell there, he and all his descendants (geneån

prÒpasan), to wit, where he first saw moving- grazing goats (a‰gaw

boskom°naw [cf. Homer, Iliad V.162: jÊloxon kãta boskomenãvn] ). As noted

a‰gaw boskom°naw implies motion (grazing-moving- expanding) in contrast to

a‰gaw eÈnhy°ntaw Ïpnƒ of Oracle 2, and Oracle 1 and the sources associate

Karanos with Orestis. Consequently, this important divergence between the

two oracles makes them distinct in purpose [cf. N.G.L. Hammond, Hist. of

Macedonia (1979) 9]. In Eusebius' Chronicle (Diodoros, 7.15.1 [LoebCL]), one

reads Karanus ante primam olompiadem (s.v. 776 B.C.) rerum cupiditate motus

copias ab Argivis et ab altera (regione) Peloponesiaca, et cum exercitu

expeditionem in partes Makedoniorum suscepit. Eodem tempore Orestarum regi

bellum erat cum vicinis suis, qui vocantur Eordaei, rogavit Karanum, ut ipsi

auxilio esset: suaeque regionis mediam partem ei se daturum pollicitus est

Orestarum rebus compositis; et rege fidem exsolvente Karanus regionem

obtinuit regnavitque in ea annis XXX, ... (in this version, too, two kings are

interjected between Karanos and Perdikkas I [above]). Velleius Paterculus

(1.6.4-5) places Karanos at about the time of the founding of Carthage (Timaios:

814-813 B.C.): Hoc tractu temporum ante annos quinque et sexaginta quam urbs

Romana conderetur, ab Elissa Tyria, quam quidam Dido autumant, Carthago conditur.

(5)Circa quod tempus Caranus, vir generis regii, undecimus (2 undecimus Wesseling;

sextus decimus P) ab Hercule, profectus Argis regnum Macedoniae occupavit; a quo

Magnus Alexander cum fuerit septimus decimus, iure materni generis Achille auctore,

paterni Hercule gloriatus est.

(Alexander as septimus decimus would date Karanos to about 836-803 B.C.,

after a 30-year generation from 356-323 B.C.)

This chronology by Eusebius and Velleius Paterculus clashes with the

chronology which has Karanos precede Perdikkas I by two kings (above). On

the other hand, the discrepancy may not be of consequence. The three

generations before Perdikkas I may have sufficed to establish the kingdom

at Orestis (Karanos) and then Perdikkas I expand into Pieria where he

founded Aigai(ai).

This would be a logical sequence, since Karanos is associated with

Orestis (and the Eordanoi=Eordaioi). The extension of the Makedonian royal

house, through Karanos, to Orestis finds also support in the tradition that the

Argeadai, including Perdikkas I, hailed from Argos Orestikon (cf. ÉArx. ÉEfhm.

1993[1995] 23, under I). This interpretation is also supported by the phgåw Ñ

Aliãkmonow of Oracle 1, which should mean here "the springs (sources) of

Haliakmon" rather than "the waters of Haliakmon" (above). There is also

a third support for this line of thought. Makedonia was also known as Maketia,

and Const. Porphyrogennetos, de them. II, p. 22=FGH IIB (1929) 739, No. 10,

comments ... l°getai d¢ ka‹ Makedon€aw mo›ra Mãketa, …w MarsÊaw §n pr≈tƒ

Makedonik«n. "ka‹ tØn ÉOrest€an [=ÉHreste€an=ÉHriste€an F) d¢ Mãketan l°gousin

épÚ toË MakedÒnow". éllå ka‹ tØn ˜lhn Makedon€an Maket€an o‰den Ùnomazom°nhn

Kle€dhmow §n pr≈toiw ÉAty€dow. "ka‹ §jƒk€syhsan Íp¢r tÚn AﬁgialÚn ínv t∞w

kaloum°nhw Maket€aw" [=St. Byz. (Berlin 1849=Chicago 1992) 427-428, s.v.

Makedon€a]. Maketa or Maketia appears to be the original word for Makedonia,

though the latter prevailed but never displaced Maketia entirely. (cf. IG II²

9258, 9260, 9265, 9268, 9271, 9272 and 9274; and IG IX(1.1), No. 56cde)

Moreover, since Maket(i)a is associated with Orestis, which is mostly

mountainous, Maket(i)a is probably another name of Orestis, the "highland

country", which meaning is evident in the name Makedonia, too. There is, of

course the plain in Orestis [argos Orestikon or Argestaeus campus], by Argos

Orestikon and Kastoria, from which the Argeadai (men of the plains) may

derive their name rather than from an Argaios (above), but still Maket(i)a must

be the mountainous country. It should also be borne in mind that Oracle 1

directs Karanos to dwell in an area, with no hint of founding a city, whereas

Oracle 2 explicitly tells Perdikkas I to found an êstu pÒlhow. Consequently, an

order in the Makedonian dynasty is established, if Perdikkas I set out from

Argos Orestikon (above) to increase his kingdom, according to Diodorus, 7.16:

ÜOti Perd€kkaw tØn ﬁd€an basile€an aÈj∞sai boulÒmenow ±r≈thsen eﬁw DelfoÊw. ≤ d¢

¶fh (=Oracle 2 above)=Eusebius, Chronicle [Diodoros, 7.15.1 LoebCL)]: Hic (sc.

Perdikkas) regnum suum adaugere volebat ( ac propterea) Delphos misit.

There is, of course, the story of Perdikkas and his two brothers in

Herodotos (8.137), who set out from Argolid Argos (ÉArx. ÉEfhm. 1993[1995]

23, under I), but this may be a constricted version of the correct

sequence, with Karanos first establishing his kingdom in Orestis and

Perdikkas I extending it to Pieria, where he founded Aigai(ai), as the

oracles themselves imply and as argued in this study.

At any rate, Herodotos' story of the three brothers, Aeropos, Gauanes and

Perdikkas, who fled Argos and through Illyria came to Lebaia, the ÑAleb<°>a

or ÑAlaib°a [=M. Hatzopoulos] of the inscriptions [cf. ÉArx. ÉEfhm. 1993(1995)

23, under I], echoes, though prhaps vaguely, Perdikkas I's expansion of his

kingdom into Pieria. Both names, Aeropos and Perdikkas, as already known,

appear among Makedonian kings, while the name Gauanes is attested in Beroia

(A. Tataki, Ancient Beroea: Prosopography and Society, MeletÆmata 8 [Athens,

1988] 137, Nos. 344- 345=L. GOUNAROPOULOU-M. B. XATZOPOULOS,

EPIGRAFES KATV MAKEDONIAS A', EPIGRAFES BEROIAS [AyÆna 1998] 257, ar.

205). The occurrence of the name Gauãnhw lends credence to Herodotos' story, as

it indicates the Makedones remembered their early history. Perdikkas I, then,

set out for Bouteis, according to Oracle 2, where he was to found a city, which

is identifiable with Aigai(ai). Some one hundred years, before Perdikkas I's

coming to Bouteis in Pieria, would have sufficed for the Temenid kingdom to

prosper in Orestis, and this is evoked by Oracle 2 above (¶sti krãtow bas€leion

égauo›w Thmen€daisi/ ga€hw ploutofÒroio. d€dvsi går aﬁg€oxow ZeÊw. éll' ‡y' §peigÒmenow

Bouth€da prÚw polÊmhlon [cf. Euripides,Bacchae, line 213]). Although ga€hw

ploutofÒroio may not be a good description of mostly mountainous Orestis,

there is, as mentioned above, an extensive plain between Argos Orestikon,

Kastoria and Bogatsikon, which is cultivated intensively, as well as the area

about Nestorion [Epigr. 33 (1971) 75, note 2]. As N. G. L. Hammond has observed,

Perdikkas (I) left from an already established kingdom (Hist. of Macedonia II

[1979] 9), whereas Karanos was told to seek a kingdom (Oracle1 above). This

sequence of events, as contemplated here, smooths out inconsistencies

observed in the transmission of the oracles (Oracles 1, 2, 3: Karanos-

Perdikkas-Archelaos above). However, the transmitted genealogy (-ies) of the

Makedonian royal house does not (do not) hint to a change of location, but give

the impression of an uninterrupted rule from Karanos to Perdikkas I, etc. On the

other hand, this may not be of importance, since the tradition stresses the

continuity of the royal house, and the migration from Orestis to Pieria becomes

subordinate in this instance.

The name Karanos has been seen as deriving from the Doric kãranow,

and Xenophon, Hellenika, 1.4.3, may be cited here: Katap°mpv KËron

kãranon t«n eﬁw KastvlÚn èyroizom°nvn. tÚ d¢ kãranon ¶sti kÊrion. However,

the name Karanos is probably due to kãrannow which one of its meanings is

¶rifow, and this would go well with Kãrane-a‰gaw of Oracle 1. Cf. Hesychios,

s.v. kãrannow. kekrÊfalow. krÆdemnon: ≤ ¶rifow: ≤ zhm€a (and KÒrannow. basileÁw

Makedon€aw), and scholion to Clemens Alexandrinus (Strom. IV p. 96

Kl.=Hysechios): karan≈. tØn a‰ga. Kr∞tew, and (Hysechios) kãra. a‡j ¥merow

PolurrÆnioi ... [cf. N.G.L. Hammond, Hist. of Macedonia II [1979] 11, note 2].

The derivation of the name Karanos from kãrannow=¶rifow would connect

Karanos with the pastoral life that the Makedones would have led, just as the

name Perdikkas would associate Perdikkas with the highlands of Orestis and

the p°rdikew found there [Alexander's general and later regent, Perdikkas, for

example, hailed from Orestis]. Cf. Argyro Tataki, Macedonians abroad . A

contribution to the prosopography of ancient Macedonia, MELETHMATA 26

(Athens, 1998) 337-338, Nos. 21-22, for the earliest attestation of the name

Karanos under Philip-Alexander.

Oracles, such as Oracles 1, 2 and 3 above, are usually perceived as post

eventum (N.G.L. Hammond, GRBS 37 [1996] 26), but an analysis of the

language of Oracles 1 and 2 (Oracle 3 is only alluded) can perhaps prove

illuminating. Oracles 1 and 2 (and Oracle 3) have been recognized as

5th-early 4th century creations, (cf. E. N. Borza, In the Shadow of Olympus

[1990(1992)] 82-83) and their language seems to bear this out (above). The

Perdikkas oracle (Oracle 2)could be the earliest, if it is to be associated in any

way with Alexander I and his son Perdikkas II. In any case, the Perdikkas oracle

at least may be associated with a Neoptolemos Makiotes who is mentioned by

Ptolemy Hephaestion, as it is known from Photios' summary in his Bibliotheca

[III, Paris 1962, 61 (150a, 5)] : ÜOti tÚn ÍpÚ FhmonÒhw xrhsmÚn mÒnon

NeoptÒlemon tÚn Maki≈thn parå A‡you tinÚw t«n Delf«n ékoËsãw fasi. per‹ d¢

toË A‡you ka‹ ÑHrÒdotÒw fhsin §n pr≈t˙ ﬂstori«n ˜ti "eﬁd∆w aÈtoË tÚ ¯noma oÈk

§pimnhsyÆsomai" (=1.51). According to Pausanias, prÒmantiw g°noito ≤ FhmonÒh

pr≈th ka‹ pr≈th tÚ •jãmetron ¬sen (10.5.7; ibid., 6.7, and 12.10, where the

Peleiades [probably old women than doves] are said to be earlier than

Phemonoe; cf. also Phaennis therein and her oracle in 15.2-3). Neoptolemos'

ethnic Maki≈thw, paralleling ÉElimi≈thw, stands undoubtedly for Mak°ta(w)=Maked≈n,

and Neoptolemos could be the NeoptÒle[mow] of IG I³, No. 89, line 62, a treaty of

Perdikkas II et alii Macedoni and Athens attributed to 423/4 B.C. Neoptolemos’ activities

at Delphi would suggest that he may have been involved in at least the oracle of Perdikkas

(Oracle 2 above), while his name and ethnic appear to make this very probable.

-------------------------------------------------------

IG X 2.1, No. 16 [in. s. III p.]

----------------------------------------- vn ye«n §ch-

[fisa---------------------------].. g°nouw ênvyen ka‹ éji≈ma-

[tow ------------------------]n€ou Bãssou éndrÚw ﬂppikoË ka‹ GU-

------------------------------- strate€aiw kekosmhm°nou MH-

---------------------------.C toË koinoË MakedÒnvn, ¶ti d¢ ka‹ (5)

---------------------ow eÈsebestãthw ka‹ eÈgenestãthw yugatrÚw KA-

--------------------------vn ÑHrakleid«n épÚ Thm°nou diadejame-

[n ---------------------] éndrÚw éjiolÒgou ka‹ ﬂerafÒrou ka‹ shko-

[bãtou ------------------- ım]o€vw t“ g°nei ka‹ t“ éji≈mati <¶>zhsen

----------------------------w ka‹ filÒteknow, kekÒsmhk°n te tÚ ﬂe- (10)

[rÚn ----------------------------]an mhdem€an épolipe›n, tÆn te

[------------------------------- eÈ]prep°staton §n t“ kall€stƒ

[tÒpƒ toË tem°nouw vel ﬂeroË? ------------------]u ˜te tÚ êgalma toË .[.]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dotted letters in lines 1 (init.), 2 (init., letter traces), 3, 4, 5 (init., traces of letters), 6 (eug), 8 (init., a), 9 (oi), 10 (init., w k), 11 (an, init.), 12 (pre), and 13 (u ˜ lma tou trace of letter).

Line 7: ÑHrakleid«n épÚ Thm°nou, a reference to the lineage of the Argeadai, or perhaps the Antigonidai [as also noted therein].

Cf. Flavius Josephus, Jewish War, I (476) sunÆrgei d¢ ka‹ prÚw tØn taÊthw ép°xyeian ≤ ÉAlejãndrou gunØ GlafÊra genealogoËsa tØn •aut∞w eÈg°neian, ka‹ …w pas«n t«n katå tÚ bas€leion e‡h despÒtiw, katå pat°ra m¢n épÚ Thm°nou, katå mht°ra d¢ épÚ Dare€ou toË ÑUstãspevw oÔsa. (477) pollå d¢ »ne€dizen eﬁw ég°neian tÆn te édelfØn tØn ÑHr≈dou ka‹ tåw guna›kaw, œn •kãsth diÉ eÈmorf€an oÈk épÚ g°nouw Ωr°yh. Glaphyra was the daughter of Arkhelaos, king of Kappadokia.

==================

Zonaras 9, 24 C, ed. L. Dindorf, II (Teubner, 1869): mÒnow dÉ ı ne≈tatow [=uﬂÚw] to›w t«n ÉAlban«n êrxousin ÍpogrammateÊvn §p€ tina xrÒnon diÆrkesen. oÏtvw ı PerseÁw ı diÉ e‡kosi basil°vn aÈx«n gegon°nai, ka‹ polÁn m¢n tÚn F€lippon, ple€v d¢ yrul«n tÚn ÉAl°jandron, ka‹ tØn basile€an ép≈lese ka‹ aﬁxmãlvtow g°gone ka‹ §n to›w §pinik€oiw §pÒmpeuse, desmå metå toË diadÆmatow perike€menow. [= Dio Cassius, Loeb II, 354].

===================

IG X 2.1, No. 48 [s.II/I a.] ÑIppãlkm{i}vi ¥rvÛ SeleukeÊw me én`[°yhke …c. 5..].

Ad init.: IPPALKM\VI, lap. [the \ shorter]

In the commentary therein, three HRVES IPPALKMOI are identified: unus nepos Boeoti, filius Itoni et pater Penelei, alter filius Pelopis et Hippodameae, tertius Argonauta quidam.

=SEG 47 (1997=2000), No. 962.

====================

ORESTAI – ORESTIS

Strabon, VII.7.8 [326 C]

ÉHpeir«tai dÉ eﬁs‹ ka‹ ÉAmf€loxoi ka‹ oﬂ Íperke€menoi ka‹ sunãptontew to›w ÉIlluriko›w ˆresi, traxe›an oﬁkoËntew x≈ran, Molotto€ te ka‹ ÉAyamçnew ka‹ A‡yikew ka‹ Tumfa›oi ka‹ ÉOr°stai Parvra›o€ te ka‹ ÉAtintçnew, oﬂ m¢n plhsiãzontew to›w MakedÒsi mçllon, oﬂ d¢ t“ ÉIon€ƒ kÒlpƒ. l°getai d¢ tØn ÉOrest€da katasxe›n pote ÉOr°sthw, feÊgvn tÚn t∞w mhtrÚw fÒnon, ka‹ katalipe›n §p≈numon •autoË tØn x≈ran, kt€sai d¢ ka‹ pÒlin, kale›syai dÉ aÈtØn ÖArgow ÉOrestikÒn. énam°miktai d¢ toÊtoiw tå ÉIllurikå ¶ynh tå prÚw t“ not€ƒ m°rei t∞w Ùrein∞w ka‹ tå Íp¢r toË ÉIon€ou kÒlpou.

ÖEdessa, Strabon, 10.1.15 C449: T«n dÉ §k Tro€aw §paniÒntvn EÈbo°vn tin¢w eﬁw ÉIllurioÁw §kpesÒntew, êrantew (=ÖAbantew) o‡kade diå t∞w Makedon€aw per‹ ÖEdessan ¶meinan, sumpolemÆsantew to›w Ípodejam°noiw, ka‹ ¶ktisan pÒlin EÎboian: ∑n d¢ ka‹ §n Sikel€& EÎboia, Xalkid°vn t«n §ke› kt€sma, …

Stephanos Byz., EÎboia, n∞sow m€a t«n •ptã, … ¶sti ka‹ tÒpow §n ÖArgei. ¶sti ka‹ pÒliw §n Makedon€&, eﬁw ¥n oﬁ épÚ t∞w nÆsou eﬁw ÉIllurioÁw épobãntew ÖAbantew §klÆyhsan. TÚ §ynikÚn t∞w nÆsou EÈboieÊw, ka‹ EÈboi‹w tÚ yhlukÒn. …

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sugg°neiã tiw prÚw toÁw Karãnou-Perd€kkou xrhsmoÊw;

===============================================

ÉArgeãdai guna›kew. Lan[-]=Lan[€kh], Kleon€kh, Kleopãtra, ProyÒh,

NikonÒh. Satyros, Ox.Pap. 27 (1962) 121, No. 2465, lines 17-23:

d¢ ÉAristod[a]m€dan ÉAristom[€da d¢]

K[ãra]non Karãnou d¢ ka‹ Lan[-]

[Ko›]non Ko€nou d¢ Tur€mman [Tu]-

r€mma d¢ ka‹ Kleon€khw Pe[rd€kkan]

P[erd]€kkou d¢ ka‹ Kleopãtraw [ÉArga›on]

ÉArga€ou d¢ ka‹ ProyÒhw F€lipp[on Fi]-

l€ppou d¢ ka‹ NikonÒhw ÉA°rop[on].

Satyros, FGrH, No. 631, 1: <<DionÊsou ka‹ ÉAlya€aw t∞w Yest€ou gegen∞syai Dhiãneiran: t∞w d¢ ÑHrakl°ouw toË DiÚw o‰mai ÜUllon: toË d¢ Kleoda›on: toË d¢ ÉAristÒmaxon: toË d¢ TÆmenon: toË d¢ Ke›son: toË d¢ Mãrvna: toË d¢ Y°stion: toË d¢ ÉAkoÒn: toË d¢ ÉAristodam€dan: toË d¢ Kãranon: toË d¢ Ko›non: toË d¢ Tur€mman: toË d¢ Perd€kkan: toË d¢ F€lippon: toË d¢ ÉA°ropon, ktl.>> [=Ox.Pap. 27 (1962) 121, No. 2465, lines 9-23].

Greenwalt, William S., “’Proto-Historical’ Argead Women: Lan(ice?), Cleonice, Cleopatra, Prothoe, Niconoe,” AHB 10.2 (1996) 47-50.

Polyainos, StrathgÆmata, IV.1 (Teubner 1970) 158-159: ÉArga›ow basileÁw MakedÒnvn, Taulant€vn Gãlaurow: Taulãntioi strateÊousin §p‹ MakedÒnaw. ÉArga›ow, ∑n går aÈt“ xe‹r Ùl€gh, keleÊei tåw pary°nouw t«n MakedÒnvn, §peidån oﬂ pol°mioi prosãgvsi tØn fãlagga, aÈto›w §k toË ˆrouw t∞w ÉErebo€aw •pifan∞nai. oﬂ m¢n dØ pros∞gon: aﬂ d¢ §pefãnhsan ka‹ katπesan épÚ toË ˆrouw pary°noi polla‹ yÊrsouw ént‹ d0rãtvn pãllousai ka‹ stefãnoiw tå prÒsvpa skiãzousai. Gãlaurow §jeplãgh êndraw e‰nai tåw pary°nouw épÚ makroË nom€zvn ka‹ tÚ énaklhtikÚn ÍpesÆmhnen:Taulãntioi d¢ ¶feugon tã te ˜pla épobalÒntew ka‹ tå skeuofÒra katalipÒntew. ÉArga›ow émaxe‹ kratÆsaw ﬂerÚn ﬂdrÊetai DionÊsƒ Ceudãnori ka‹ tåw pary°nouw, ìw pãlai Kl≈dvnaw ¶kl˙zon oﬂ MakedÒnew, aÈtÚw klπzein ¶taje diå tØn m€mhsin t«n éndr«n MimallÒnaw. Cf. Euripides, Bakchai, lines 677-774.

=====================

SEG 45 (1995=’98), No. 2203: Thres€aw ÉAkt°vn Perd€kaw ÑUpÒlutow. Is Perdik(k)as the founder of Aigai or the Argead ruling house?

=====================

BIBLIOGRAFIA/REFERENCES:

Badian, Ernst, "Alexander the Great between two thrones and Heaven: variations

on an old theme" in Subject and Ruler: The Cult of the Ruling Power in Classical Antiquity, ed. Alastair Small (Ann Arbor, MI, 1996) 11.

Chevutschi, L., Les legendes dynastiques de Grece du nord (Macedoine et Epire)

[Université Paris X; Histoire Ancienne; Année 1991-1992] 62-114 (67-68: Perdikkas' oracle=Oracle 2 above).

Daskalakis, Ap(ostolos), 'L'origine de la maison royale de Macédoine et les

légendes relatives de l'antiquité', Ancient Macedonia I (Institute for Balkan Studies, Thessalonike 1968=1970) 155-161.

Di Giuseppe, Lidia, <<Euripide e la grecità dei Macedoni: Archelao presso Cisseo>>,

Prometheus 30.2 (2004) 125-128.

Greenwalt, W(illiam)., "The Introduction of Caranus into the Argead King List," GRBS

26 (1985) 43-49.

Greenwalt, W., “A Solar Dionysus and Argead Legitimacy,” AncW 25.1 (1994) 3-8.

Greenwalt, W., "Why Pella?," Historia 48.2 (1999) 164-165.

Hammond, N.G.L. (and Griffith, G.T.). A History of Macedonia, vol. II (Oxford,

1979) 5-14 (Karanos, oracles).

Hatzopoulos, Miltiades, <<Herodotos (8. 137-8), The Manumissions from Leukopetra, and the Topography of the Middle Haliakmon Valley>> in Herodotus and his World. Essays from a Conference in

Memory of George Forrest, eds. Peter Derow and Robert Parker [Oxford University Press, 2003] 203-218, No. 12.

Jones, Chr. P., Kinship Diplomacy in the Ancient World (Harvard Univ. Press; Cambridge, MA,1999) 36-44.

Karadhmhtr€ou, A. K., MAKEDONIKA 26 (1987=1988) 130-131: 2. Xrhsmo€ pou anaf°rontai

sthn €drush tvn Aig≈n.

Kleinknecht, H., "Herodot und die Makedonische Urgeschichte," Hermes 94 (1966)

134-146.

Maurizio, L., "Delphic Oracles as Oral Performances: Authenticity and Historical

Evidence," Cl. Antiquity (=CSClAnt. 28.2), Oct. 1997, 308-334.

Momigliano, A., "La leggenda di Carano, re di Macedonia," Atene e Roma 12.4

(1931) 203-210.

Parke and Wormell, W.H. and D.E.W., The Delphic Orace, vol. II: The Oracular

Responses (Oxford, 1956) 92-93, Nos. 225-227 [225: Karanos, 226: Perdikkas, 227: Archelaos (=Oracles 1, 2, 3 above)].

Yavuz, M.F., "The Foundation Myth of the Argeads," Abstracts, APhA 130th

Annual Meeting, Dec. 27-30, 1998 (Washington, D.C.) 20. Latest attempt to circumvent the Makedonian tradition(s).

XrusostÒmou, PaÊlow, SUNEISFORES SE LATREIES YEOTHTVN KAI HRVVN APO THN BOTTIAIA KAI THN PIERIA THS MAKEDONIAS, EULIMENE/EULIMENH 4 (2003) 139-142, no. 2: 139, lines 1-2: AﬁÒlou / Gra€h[w]: 141: Maked∆n-

Mãgnhw [135-156, -6-].

From makglossikaMeros1.2.htm herein:

A‡olow. M.Hatzopoulos, BE 2002, under No. 268 (Pella): AﬁÒlou / Gra€h. << of Greek

Aiolos=A‡olow Gra€hw>>? [unless Gra€h is the name of the person who dedicated the altar to Aiolos]. The inscription comes from the <<partie supérieure de petit autel>>. This is probably an altar to the father, Aiolos, of Makedon, the eponymos. Cf. A‡olow Maked≈n below.

SEG 50 (2000=2003) 195, under No. 611 (Pella Dedications). Dedication to Aiolos?, Hellenistic period: AﬁÒlou / Gra€h = PaÊlow XrusostÒmou, SUNEISFORES SE LATREIES YEOTHTVN KASI HRVVN APO THN BOTTIAIA KAI THN PIERIA THS MAKEDONIAS, EULIMENH 4 (2003) 139 [-142], 2: AﬁÒlou / Gra€h[w].

A‡olow Maked≈n [father of Makedon eponymos]. See below, 1998: SEG 45. Cf. AﬁakÚw and A‡olow, and under A‡olow. M.Hatzopoulos, BE 2002, under No. 268 (Pella) above.

Cf. Eustathios’ UPOMNHMATA ad Dionysion Periegeten, line 427, Makhdon€hw te pÒlhew: ÜOti MakedÒnew l°gontai épÚ MakedÒnow toË DiÒw. oﬂ d¢ pa›daw AﬁÒlou d°ka paradidÒasin, œn eÂw Maked≈n, fasin, §j o ≤ Makedon€a, ktl. (under Mak°ta below); cf. FGrH I (1923) 455, No. 4, under F 74.

Full references of Makedon eponymos herein in this web site, under DHMOSIEUSEIS: MAKEDON-EPONYMOS.

Elias Kapetanopoulos

Central Connecticut State University

=========================

KÒrth-KÒnth, St°fh, <<OI FRUGES TOU HRODOTOU STH MAKEDONIA>>, in Ancient Macedonia VII [Thessalonike, 2007] 133-141.

Vassileva, Maya, <<King Midas and the Early History of Macedonia>>, in Ancient Macedonia VII [Thessalonike, 2007] 773-779.

===================

Elias Kapetanopoulos

Professor Dr. (Greece-Rome)

Department of History

Central Connecticut State University

New Britain, CT 06050-4010 (USA)

Telephone:

(860) 832-2820 (office)

(860) 832-2804 (fax)

(860) 229-9960 (home)

E-mail: Kapetanopoulos@ccsu.edu

Web Site: www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/elias.htm

Areas of Research: Attic epigraphy-Athenian institutions of the Roman period (200 B.C.-3rd c. A.D.), and early Makedon(ia)/Makedones.