THE KARANOS-PERDIKKAS ORACLES

KARANOS-PERDIKKAS-ARKHELAOS

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Elias Kapetanopoulos

Professor Dr. (Greece-Rome)

Department of History

Central Connecticut State University

New Britain, CT 06050-4010 (USA)

Telephone:

(860) 832-2820 (office)

(860) 832-2804 (fax)

(860) 229-9960 (home)

E-mail: Kapetanopoulos@ccsu.edu

Web Site: www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/elias.htm

Areas of Research: Attic epigraphy-Athenian institutions of the Roman period (200 B.C.-3rd c. A.D.), and early Makedon(ia): Makedones as Hellenes.

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CENTER FOR ATHENIAN-MAKEDONIAN STUDIES:

MAKEDONIS B' > MAKEDONIS II

11 ÉIanouar€ou 1997 > 11 January 1997 = 17 Mart€ou 2008 > 17 March 2008

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THE KARANOS-PERDIKKAS ORACLES

THESIS: Although the Karanos-Perdikkas oracles [Oracles 1 and 2 below] appear to refer to the same occasion, their divergencies reflect a correct sequence of Makedonian history.

Two oracles, actually three (below), associated with founders of the

Makedonian royal house, Karanos, Perdikkas and Archelaos, have been preserved

(cf. N. G. L. Hammond, History of Macedonia II [1979] 4-14). They are

ORACLE 1: Karanos=scholia to Clemens Alex., Protrepticus, ch.

2.11.2 and 8, ed. Otto Stählin, I (Berlin 1972), p. 300:

11, 2 teratoskÒpouw] KaranÒw tiw ÉArge›ow §p‹ ÙxÆmatow aﬁg«n katå

xrhsmÚn eﬁw Makedon€an metƒk€syh. PM

11,8 a‰gew (sc. sun°mporoi t∞sde t∞w gohte€aw a‰gew [aﬂ] §p‹ mantikØn

±skhm°nai)] Karan“ t“ Poiãnyouw ui“ §j ÖArgouw m°llonti époik€an

st°llein §p‹ Makedon€an eﬁw DelfoÁw §lyÒnti ¶xrhsen ı ÉApÒllvn

frãzeo, d›e Kãrane, nÒƒ d' §moË ¶nyeo mËyon.

§kprolip∆n ÖArgow te ka‹ ÑEllãda kalligÊnaika

x≈rei prÚw phgåw ÑAliãkmonow. ¶nya d' ên a‰gaw

boskom°naw §s€dhw pr«ton, tÒte toi xre≈n §stin

zhlvtÚn na€ein aÈtÚn geneãn te prÒpasan.

§k dØ toË xrhsmoË proyumÒterow genÒmenow <ı> KaranÒw, sÊn tisin ÜEllhsin

époik€an steilãmenow, §ly∆n eﬁw Makedon€an ¶ktisen pÒlin ka‹ MakedÒnvn

§bas€leusen ka‹ tØn prÒteron kaloum°nhn ÖEdessan pÒlin Aﬁgåw

metvnÒmasen épÚ t«n aﬁg«n. ”ke›to d¢ tÚ palaiÚn h ÖEdessa ÍpÚ

Frug«n ka‹ Lud«n ka‹ t«n metå M€dou diakomisy°ntvn eﬁw tØn EÈr≈phn.

taËta EÈfor€vn ﬂstore› §n tª ÑIst€& ka‹ t“ ÉInãxƒ. PM [=F. Scheidweiler,

Euphorionis Fragmenta (Bonn, 1908) 36, No. 30(24)] = B. A. van Groningen, Euphorion (Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1977) 96-97, No. 33, Le scholiaste à Clément d’Alexandrie, Protr. 11, 8 p. 300, 12 ss. St.:

Karan“ t“ Poiãnyouw uﬂ“ §j ÖArgouw m°llonti époik€an st°llein §p‹ Makedon€an eﬁw DelfoÁw §lyÒnti ¶xrhsen ı ÉApÒllvn: “frãzeo, d›e Karan°, nÒƒ dÉ §mÚn ¶nyeo mËyon: | §kprolip∆n ÖArgow te ka‹ ÑEllãda kalligÊnaika | x≈rei prÚw phgåw ÑAliãkmonow: ¶nya dÉ ín a‰gaw | boskom°naw §s€d˙w pr«ton, tÒyi toi xre∆n §stin | zhlvtÚn na€ein aÈtÚn geneãn te prÒpasan.” ÉEk d¢ toË xrhsmoË proyumÒterow genÒmenow KaranÚw sÊn tisin ÜEllhsin époik€an steilãmenow, §ly∆n eﬁw Makedon€an ¶ktisen pÒlin ka‹ MakedÒnvn §bas€leusen ka‹ tØn prÒteron kaloum°nhn ÖEdessan pÒlin Aﬁgåw metvnÒmasen épÚ t«n aﬁg«n. ÉVike›to d¢ tÚ palaiÚn ≤ ÖEdessa ÍpÚ Frug«n ka‹ Lud«n ka‹ t«n metå M€dou diakomisy°ntvn eﬁw tØn EÈr≈phn. TaËta [=TaËto] EÈfor€vn ﬂstore› §n tª ÑIst€& ka‹ t“ ÉInãxƒ.

Line 5 ad init.: zhlvtÒn. Cf. Euripides, Orestes, lines 543-544: zhlvtÚw ˜stiw

hÈtÊxhsen eﬁw t°kna/ ka‹ mØ 'pisÆmouw sumforåw §ktÆsato (XOROS).

For Karanos, cf. Eugene N. Borza, In the Shadow of Olympus (1990[1992]) 83.

Cf. Herodotos, 8.20: Bãkidi går œde ¶xei per‹ toÊtvn ı xrhsmÒw

frãzeo, barbarÒfvnow ˜tan zugÚn eﬁw ëla bãllh

bÊblinon, EÈbo€hw ép°xein polumhkãdaw a‰gaw.

Karanos' oracle is mentioned by

(1) Georgios Synkellos, Chronogr. P. 198A-C, ed. W. Dindorf, pp. 373-374: MakedÒnvn basile›w./ Kãranow ı ÉArge›ow Fe€dvnow édelfÒw, toË tÒte basil°vw ÖArgouw, ﬁd€an ktÆsasyai x≈ran speÊdvn dÊnamin lab∆n parå Fe€dvnow toË édelfoË, ¶k te ÖArgouw ka‹ t∞w êllhw PeloponnÆsou to›w katå Makedon€an tÒpoiw §p∞lye. summaxÆsaw d¢ ka‹ t“ ÉOrest«n basile› katå t«n plhsiox≈rvn ÉEordan«n (read ÉEorda€vn) legom°nvn, t∞w katakthye€shw x≈raw tÚ ¥misu proslab∆n diå tØn summax€an, par°labe (sc. Kãranow) tØn Makedon€an ka‹ ¶ktise pÒlin §n aÈtª katå xrhsmÒn, §j ∏w ırm≈menow sunestÆsato tØn MakedonikØn basile€an, ¥n kayej∞w oﬂ ép' aÈtoË died°xonto. ∑n d¢ ı Kãranow •nd°katow épÚ ÑHrakl°ouw, z' d¢ épÚ Thm°nou toË metå tvn êllvn ÑHrakleid«n katelyÒntow eﬁw PelopÒnnhson. Kãranow MakedÒnvn a' §bas€leusen ¶th l'. toË d¢ kÒsmou ∑n ¶tow 'dca'. prÚ t∞w pr≈thw Ùlumpiãdow ¶tesin ih'. épÚ Karãnou toË a' basil°vw MakedÒnvn ßvw ÉAlejãndrou toË kt€stou basile›w MakedÒnvn kd' ¶th .... Fe€dvn ÖArgouw krat«n édelfÚw Karãnou toË pr≈tou basil°vw MakedÒnvn m°tra ka‹ stãymia pr«tow §feËren, Àw tinew: ∑san d¢ ka‹ prÚ toÊtou. MakedÒnvn b' §bas€leuse Ko›now ¶th kh'. toË d¢ kÒsmou ∑n ¶tow 'dcla'.

P. 261 D-P. 262 A-D, ed. W. Dindorf, pp. 497-499: ÑO per‹ t∞w basile€aw MakedÒnvn lÒgow diå tØn éretØn ÉAlejãndrou ka‹ Fil€ppou toË patrÚw aÈtoË to›w filomay°si ka‹ per‹ taËta spodãzousin énagka›ow p°fuke. proke€syv goËn kefalaivd«w ÍpÚ m€an sÊnocin érxÒmenow épÚ Karãnou toË pr≈tou basil°vw MakedÒnvn ßvw ÉAlejãndrou. tÚ m¢n oÔn pr«ton g°now to›w basileËsi t«n MakedÒnvn eﬁw ÑHrakl°a énaf°retai. metå går tØn ëlvsin Tro€aw ¶tesin p' ÑHrakle›dai kat°sxon tØn PelopÒnnhson, §j œn aﬂ t«n Koriny€vn ka‹ Lakedaimon€vn basile›ai pr«tai sun°sthsan. xrÒnoiw d¢ Ïsteron per‹ tå t°lh toÊtvn ≤ t«n MakedÒnvn ≥rjato basile€a oÏtvw. Kãranow ı ÉArge›ow édelfÚw Ãn Fe€dvnow •nÚw t«n éf' ÑHrakl°ouw katagÒntvn tÚ g°now ka‹ t∞w ÉArge€aw basileÊontow spoudãzvn •aut“ x≈ran kataktÆsasyai dÊnamin ≥yroise parå toË édelfoË ka‹ §k t∞w ˜lhw PeloponnÆsou, mey' oÂw to›w Íp¢r Makedon€an tÒpoiw §pistrateÊsaw, summaxÆsaw ëma ka€ tini t«n ÉOrest«n legom°nvn dunãst˙ per‹ tØn x≈ran katå t«n plhsiox≈rvn barbãrvn, tØn ≤m€seian ¶labe x≈ran ka‹ pÒlin ≥geire katå xrhsmÚn ka‹ basile€an §n aÈtª sunestÆsato, ∂n oﬂ katå g°now §j aÈtoË ka‹ met' aÈtÚn died°xonto. Otow ı Kãranow épÚ m¢n ÑHrakl°ouw ia' ∑n, épÚ d¢ Thm°nou toË metå t«n êllvn ÑHrakleid«n katelyÒntow eﬁw PelopÒnnhson ßbdomow. genealogoËsi d' aÈtÚn oÏtvw, Àw fhsin ı DiÒdvrow ka‹ oﬂ pollo‹ t«n suggraf°vn, œn eÂw ka‹ YeÒpompow. Kãranow Fe€dvnow toË ÉAristom€da toË M°ropow toË Yeost€ou toË Kiss€ou toË Thm°nou toË ÉAristomãxou toË Kleadãtouw toË ÜUllou toË ÑHrakl°ouw. ¶nioi d¢ êllvw, fhs€, genealogoËsi, fãskontew e‰nai Kãranon Po€antow toË Kro€sou .toË Kleoda€ou toË EÈrubiãda toË Debãllou toË Laxãrouw toË Thm°nou, ˜w ka‹ kat∞lyen eﬁw PelopÒnnhson. o‘tow ı Kãranow l' ¶th §bas€leuse. mey' ˘n Ko›now pa›w ¶th kh'. metå d¢ toËton ı uﬂÚw Turimmçw ¶th me', ka‹ tØn loipØn t∞w Makedon€aw proselãbeto x≈ran, ka‹ kay' ˜lou tØn basile€an hÎjhsen. e‰ta ÉArge›ow pa›w Turimmç ¶th ldÉ, meyÉ ˘n F€lippow uﬂÚw ÉArge€ou ¶th leÉ., ktl. [P. 212 D-P. 213 A: MakedÒnvn basile›w. / MakedÒnvn gÉ §bas€leuse TÊrmaw ¶th meÉ. toË d¢ kÒsmou ∑n ¶tow ÉdcnyÉ./ MakedÒnvn dÉ Perd€kkaw ¶th mhÉ. toË d¢ kÒsmou ∑n ¶tow ÉdvdÉ. / MakedÒnvn eÉ §bas€leusen ÉArga›ow ¶th ldÉ. toË d¢ kÒsmou ∑n ¶tow ÉdvnbÉ. / Otow ı ÉArga›ow pr«tow §n Makedon€& te€xh ≥geire].

[Diodoros=Eusebios, Chronikon, 7 [LoebCL]

15. Cessante Assyriorum dynastia, post Sardanapalli ultimi regis Assyriorum mortem, Makedoniorum tempora succedunt.

Karanus ante primam olompiadem rerum cupiditate motus copias collegit ab Argivis et ab altera (regione) Peloponesiaca, et cum exercitu expeditionem in partes Makedoniorum suscepit. Eodem tempore Orestarum regi bellum erat cum vicinis suis, qui vocantur Eordaei, rogavit Karanum, ut ipsi auxilio esset: suaeque regionis mediam partem ei se daturum pollicitus est Orestarum rebus compositis; et rege fidem exsolvente Karanus regionem obtinuit regnavitque in ea annis XXX, tempore senectutis e vita excessus (excedebat); cuius principatum filius eius, qui Kojinus nominatus est, excepit et dominatus est annis XXVIII. Post eum regnavit Tirimmus annis XLIII. Perdikas annis XLII. Hic regnum suum adaugere volebat (ac propterea) Delphos misit. [see Diodoros, 7.16: oracle]

Et post pauca verba iisdem addens dicit (=Diodoros):

Perdikas annis regnavit XLVIII imperiumque Argaeo reliquit. Huic uno supra XXX annos regnanti Philippus in imperio suffectus est; qui annos triginta tres regnavit et potestatem Ajeropae reliquit. Hic vero cum annis XX dominatus esset, regni successionem excepit Alketas, qui annis XVIII imperavit, reliquitque potestatem Amintae. Regnante hoc annis IX supra XL imperium excepit Alexandrus, qui annos tenuit XLIV. Post hunc regnavit Perdikas annis XXII. Arkhelaus annis XVII, etc.

Makedonici regni generationem hoc pacto historicorum fideles ad Heraklem referunt. A Karano, qui primus in unum conflatam tenuit Makedoniorum potestatem, usque ad Alexandrum, qui Asianorum terram subegit, viginti quator reges recensentur, anni CCCCLIII. (Eusebios, Chronikon 1, p. 227)

16. Oracle to Perdikkas I, ORACLE 2 below.

17. GenealogoËsi d' aÈtÚn oÏtvw, Àw fhsin ı DiÒdvrow (ka‹) oﬂ pollo‹ t«n suggraf°vn, œn eÂw ka‹ YeÒpompow. Kãranow Fe€dvnow toË ÉAristodam€da toË M°ropow toË Yest€ou toË Kiss€ou toË Thm°nou toË ÉAristomãxou toË Kleoda€ou (=Kleodãtouw) toË ÜUllou toË ÑHrakl°ouw. ¶nioi d¢ êllvw, fhs€, genealogoËsi, fãskontew e‰nai Kãranon Po€antow toË Kro€sou toË Kleoda€ou toË EÈrubiãda toË Debãllou toË Laxãrouw toË Thm°nou, ˜w ka‹ kat∞lyen eﬁw PelopÒnnhson. (Georgios Synkellos, P. 262 B-C, ed. W. Dindorf, p. 499)]. And under (3b) below.

[Eusebius, Chron. I, p. 169 (under PORPHYRII TYRII), FHG III, 692:

Postquam Assyriorum opes corruerunt exstincto Sardanapallo rege ultimo Assyriae, Macedonum se tempora sistunt.

Ante primam Olympiadem Caranus rei acquirendae cupidus copias ex Argivis aliisque partibus Peloponnesi contraxit, atque in Macedonum fines expeditionem suscepit. Eadem tempestate bellum gerens Orestarum rex cum finitimis suis, nomine Eordensibus, Carani opem imploravit ea conditione ut ei mediam (l. dimidiam; ≤miseian Sync.) regni sui partem concederet, rebus Orestarum compositis. Jam vero quum rex promissa fecisset, regionem illam obtinuit, ibique annis triginta dominatus est. Huic grandi aetate confecto successit filius nomine Coenos, regnavitque annis duobus de triginta. Deinde Tyrimmas annis tribus cum quadraginta. Postea Perdiccas annis quadraginta duobus. Hic proferendi regni cupidus, legationem Delphos misit. Tum paucis verbis interpositis, subdit (quis? Diodorus?) regnavisse Perdiccam annis octo et quadraginta (an. 42 supra), ab eoque dignitatem ad Argaeum devenisse: quem regno annis triginta unoque perfunctum excepit Philippus, …

Et Macedonum quidem regum genus hac ratione a probatae fidei scriptoribus ad Herculem usque refertur. Jam a Carano, qui primus Macedonicum regnum conflavit ac tenuit, ad Alexandrum qui Asiam subegit, censentur reges XXIV, anni vero CCCCLIII. Hique singillatim ita se habent.]

Cf. Diodoros [=Eusebios, Chronikon, LoebCL III], Bk. 7

15. Cessante Assyriorum dynastia, post Sardanapalli ultimi regis Assyriorum mortem, Makedoniorum tempora succedunt.

Et post pauca verba iisdem addens dicit (=Diodoros):

16. Oracle to Perdikkas I.

[Constantino Porfirogenito, De thematibus , ed. A. Pertusi, STUDI E TESTI 160 (CITTA’ DEL VATICANO, 1952) 87, 49: ÉE<p>ekrãthse d¢ ≤ basile€a t«n MakedÒnvn érjam°nh épÚ toË tr€tou uﬂoË ÑHrakl°ouw KaranoË prosagoreuom°nou, aÈjhye›sa d¢ épÚ Fil€ppou toË patrÚw ÉAlejãndrou.]

(2) Solinus, 9.10-13: Macedonem Caranus insequitur dux

Peloponnesiae multitudinis, qui iuxta responsum dictum deo, ubi

caprarium pecus resedisse adverterat urbem candidit quam dixit

Aegas, in qua sepeliri reges mos erat...succeditCarano Perdicca,

secunda et vicesima olympiade, primus in Macedonia rex nominatus.

(Synkellos has nothing about an oracle that Karanos go to Macedonia).

(3) Justin, 7.1.1. Macedonia ante a nomine Emathionis regis, cuius prima virtutis experimenta in illis locis extant, Emathia cognominata est. (2)Huius sicuti menta modica, ita termini perangusti fuere. (3) Populus Pelasgi regio Bottia dicebatur. (4)Sed postea virtute regum et gentis industria subactis primo finitimis, mox populis nationibusque, imperium usque extremos Orientis terminos prolatum. (5) In regione Paeonia, quae nunc portio est Macedoniae, regnasse fertur Pelegonus, pater Asteropaei, cuius Troiano bello inter clarissimos vindices urbis nomen accipimus. (6) Ex alio latere in Europa regnum Europus nomine tenuit. (7) Sed et Caranus cum magna multitudine Graecorum sedes in Macedonia responso oraculi iussus quaerere, cum in Emathiam venisset, urbem Edessam, non sentientibus oppidanis, propter imbrium et nebulae magnitudinem, gregem caprarum imbrem fugientium secutus, occupavit; (8) revocatusque in memoriam oraculi, quo iussus erat, "ducibus capris imperium quaerere," regni sedem statuit; (9) religioseque postea observavit, quocumque agmen moveret, ante signa easdem capras habere, coeptorum duces habituturus, quas regni habuerat auctores. (10) Urbem Edessam ob memoriam muneris, Aegaeas, populum Aegeadas vocavit. (11) Pulso deinde Mida (nam is quoque portionem Macedoniae tenuit) aliisque regibus pulsis in locum omnium solus successit; (12) primusque adunatis gentibus variorum populorum veluti unum corpus Macedoniae fecit; crescentique regno valida incrementorum fundamenta constituit. VII.2.1: Post hunc Perdicca regnavit, …

=The Gests of King Alexander of Macedon, ed. Francis P. Magoun, Cambridge, MA 1929, p. 246 [Appendix II, The Compilation of St Albans from MS. Corpus Christi College 219, fol. 1r-6r]: In regione Peonia, quae nunc portio est Macedoniae, regnasse fertur Telegonus, pater Asterorei, cuius Troiano bello inter clarissimos uindices urbis nomen accipimus. Ex alio latere in Europa regnum Europus nomine tenuit. Sed et Ceranus cum magna multitudine Grecorum sedes in Macedonia responso oraculi iussus querere, cum Emathiam uenisset, urbem Edessam non sentientibus (fol. 1 v) oppidanis propter imbrium et nebulae magnitudinem gregem caprarum imbrem fugentium secutus occupauit; reuocatusque in memoriam oraculi, quo iussus e<r>at ducibus capris imperium querere, regni sedem statuit; religioseque postea obseruauit, quocumque agmen moueret, ante signa easdem capras habere, caeptorum duces habiturus, quas regni habuerat auctores. Urbem Edessam ob memoriam rei Egetis (uel Egeam), populum Egeadas uicauit. Pulso deinde Midanamis qui quintam portionem Macedoniae tenuit aliisque regibus pulsis in locum omnium solus successit primusque adunatis gentibus uariorum populorum ueluti unum corpus Macedoniae fecit, crescentique regno ualida incrementorum fundamenta constituit. Post hunc Perdica regnauit, etc.

Cf. N. G. L. Hammond, History of Macedonia I (1972[1981]) 156-157.

(3a) Livy, 45.9.3: Vicensimum ab Carano, qui primus regnabat, Perseo numerabant [see translator's note 1 in the LoebClLibrary: "Justinus XXXIII.2.6 says the thirtieth king, Eusebius (Schone I, col.242), the thirty-ninth, etc."].

(3b) Diodoros, VII.17=Georgios Synkellos, P. 261 D-262 A-D, ed. W. Dindorf, pp. 497-499 [under No. (1) above]. FGrH No. 115, F 393 (30) SYNKELL. p. 499, 5: o‘tow ı Kãranow épÚ m¢n ÑHrakl°ouw iaÉ ∑n, épÚ d¢ Thm°nou . . . ßbdomow. genealogoËsi dÉ aÈtÚn oÏtvw, Àw fhsin ı DiÒdvrow <ka‹> oﬂ pollo‹ t«n suggeraf°vn, œn eÂw ka‹ YeÒpompow. Kãranow Fe€dvnow toË ÉAristodam€da toË M°ropow toË Yest€ou toË Kiss€ou toË Thm°nou toË ÉAristomãxou toË Kleadãtouw toË ÜUllou toË ÑHrakl°ouw, and IIB, 400-402, No. 115, F 393 (Theopompos). And under [Diodoros=Eusebios]17 above.

(4a) Souda, s.v. Kãranow, eÂw tvn ÑHrakleid«n, stratologÆsaw §k t∞w ÑEllãdow, ∑lyen eﬁw Makedon€an êdojon oÔsan tÒte ka‹ §bas€leuse ka‹ diadoxª k°xrhtai m°xri Fil€ppou.

(5a) Et. M. p. 523, 39=FGrH IIB (1929), No. 135-136, 14: MarsÊaw ﬂstore› ˜ti Kn«piw, tÚ g°now KÒlxow, eﬁw Makedon€an §ly∆n di°tribe parå Karãnvi. uﬂoË d¢ genom°nou t«i Karãnvi ka‹ boulhy°nti tÚn pa›da épÚ toË ﬁd€ou patrÚw Ùnomãzein Kirãrona, ény€stato ≤ mÆthr, ka‹ aÈtØ épÚ toË ﬁd€ou patrÚw Ùnomasy∞nai tÚn pa›da boulom°nh. Kn«piw d¢ §rvthye‹w e‰pe<n épÚ> mhdet°rou Ùnomãzesyai aÈtÒn. diÒper Ko›now §klÆyh. ¶nioi d¢ èmartãnousi Ka›non aÈtÚn kaloËntew.

(6a) Satyros=Theophil. Ad Auto. 2, 7=FGrH IIIC, No. 631, 1: <<DionÊsou ka‹ ÉAlya€aw ... Dhiãneiran. t∞w d¢ ka‹ ÑHrakl°ouw toË DiÚw o‰mai ÜUllon ..... toË d¢ TÆmenon. toË d¢ Ke›son ..... toË d¢ ÉAristodam€dan. toË d° Kãranon. toË d° Ko›non, ktl. [=Ox.Pap. 27 (1962), pp. 121-122, under Fr. 1].

(6b) Satyros=Ox.Pap. 27 (1962), No. 2465, lines 17-19: ...../

...ÉAristodam[€da d¢]/ K[ãra]non Karãnou d¢ ka‹ Lan[€khw]/ [Koi]nÚn KoinoË d¢ Tur€mman, ktl.

For Lan[ike], cf. N. G. L. Hammond, History of Macedonia II (1979) 13; W. S. Greenwalt, "'Proto-Historical' Argead Women: Lan(ice?), Cleonice, Cleopatra, Prothoe, Niconoe," AHB 10.2 (1996) 47-50.

(7a) Const. Porphyr.. de Themat. 2 p. 22: ... [eﬁ] §krãthse d° ≤ basile€a t«n MakedÒnvn érjam°nh épÚ toË tr€tou uﬂoË ÑHrakl°ouw KaranoË prosagoreuom°nou, aÈjhye›sa d¢ épÚ Fil€ppou toË patrÚw ÉAlejãndrou, ....

(8a) Plutarch, Alexander 2.1: ÉAl°jandrow ˜ti t“ g°nei prÚw patrÚw m¢n ∑n ÑHrakle€dhw épÚ Karãnou, prÚw d¢ mhtrÚw Aﬁak€dhw épÚ Neoptol°mou, t«n pãnu pepisteum°nvn §st€.

Oxyrhynchus Papyri LVI, ed. M.G. Sirivianou et alii [Graeco-Roman Memoirs, No. 76; Egypt Exploration Society, London 1989] 8, No. 3823, col. II, lines 14-20: [..]ntew mnhsy∞nai t«n Í[pÉ aÈ/t]oË praxy°ntvn. ÉAl°jan[drow]/ går ı Fil€ppou gegon∆w k[atå]/ pat°ra m¢n éfÉ ÑHrakl°ou[w, ka]/tå d¢ mht°ra t«n Aﬁ<a>ki{n}d[«n]/ paralab∆n parå toË pat[rÚw]/ tØn érxØn dieno[e›]to ...

[(9a) Isocrates, Letter to Philip, 105-108, which may not belong

here: (105) ... Per‹ d¢ tvn êllvn, ≤goËmai tÒn te pat°ra sou (sc. Fil€ppou) ka‹ tÚn kthsãmenon tØn basile€an ka‹ tÚn toË g°nouw érxhgÒn, ... (106) ... ˜ te kthsãmenow tØn érxÆn, me›zon fronÆsaw t«n aÍtoË polit«n ka‹ monarx€aw §piyumÆsaw, oÍx ımo€vw §bouleÊsato ... (107) oﬂ m°n går §n ta›w aÍt«n pÒlesi ..., ı d¢ tÚn m¢n tÒpon tÚn ÑEllhnikÚn ˜lvw e‡ase, tØn d' §n Makedon€& basile€an katasxe›n §peyÊmhsen. ±p€stato går toÁw m¢n ÜEllhnaw oÈk eﬁyism°nouw Ípom°nein tåw monarx€aw, toÊw d' êllouw oÈ dunam°nouw êneu t∞w toiaÊthw dunaste€aw dioike›n tÚn b€on tÚn sf°teron aÈt«n. (108) ka‹ gãr toi sun°bh diå tÚ gn«nai per‹ toÊtvn aÈtÚn ﬁd€vw ka‹ tØn basile€an gegen°syai polÁ t«n êllvn §jhllagm°nhn. mÒnow gãr ÑEllÆnvn oÍx ımofÊlou g°nouw êrxein éji≈saw mÒnow ka‹ diafuge›n ±dunÆyh toÁw kindÊnouw toÁw per‹ tåw monarx€aw gignom°nouw. toÁw m¢n går §n to›w ÜEllhsi toioËtÒn ti diapepragm°nouw eÏroimen ên oÈ mÒnon aÈtoÁw diefyarm°nouw, éllå ka‹ tÚ g°now aÈt«n §j ényr≈pvn ±fanism°non, §ke›non d' aÈtÒn t' §n eÈdaimon€& tÚn b€on diagagÒnta, t“ te g°nei katalipÒnta tåw aÈtåw timåw ësper aÈtÚw e‰xen.]

Isocrates is not explicit as to Philip's ancestor, whether he has in mind Perdikkas [cf. N.G.L. Hammond, Hist. of Macedonia II (1979)14], Karanos or even Archelaos, but he states with certainty that the ancestor came from Argos. The other significant point to stress here is that Isocrates does not allude to an oracle or Delphi; rather he says the ancestor was seized by a desire for monarchy and for the basile€a in Macedonia, because monarchy was not tolerated by the Hellenes. On the other hand, his (108) §ke›non d' aÈtÚn t' §n eÈdaimon€& tÚn b€on diagagÒnta, t“ te g°nei katalipÒnta tåw aÈtåw timåw ësper aÈtÚw e‰xen may echo in some way Karanos' oracle (Oracle 1 above), lines 4-5: tÒte toi xre≈n §sti/ zhlvtÚn na€ein aÈtÚn geneãn te prÒpasan.

[(10a) Pausanias, Boiotika 40.7-9: … oÈ gãr ti MakedÒsin ﬂstãnai trÒpaia ∑n nenomism°non: l°getai d¢ ÍpÚ MakedÒnvn KaranÚn basileÁonta §n Makedon€& krat∞sai mãxh Kiss°vw, ˘w §dunãsteuen §n x≈r& tª ımÒrƒ: ka‹ ı m¢n trÒpaion ı KaranÚw katå nÒmouw toÁw ÉArge€vn ¶sthsen §p‹ tª n€k˙: §pelyÒnta d¢ fãsin §k toË ÉOlÊmpou l°onta énatr°ca€ te tÚ trÒpaion ka‹ éfanisy∞nai, sune›na€ te gn≈m˙ KaranÚn oÈk eÔ bouleÊsasyai barbãroiw to›w perioikoËsin §w ¶xyran §lyÒnta édiãllakton, katast∞na€ te xr∞nai mÆte ÍpÚ aÈtoË KaranoË mÆte ÍpÚ t«n Ïsteron basileusãntvn Makedon€aw trÒpaia ·stasyai, eﬁ §w eÎnoiãn pote toÁw prosx≈rouw Ípãjontai. marture› d¢ t“ lÒgƒ ka‹ ÉAl°jandrow, oÈk énastÆsaw oÎte §p‹ Dare€ƒ trÒpaia oÎte §p‹ ta›w ÉIndika›w n€kaiw]

[(11a) Arrian, 4.11.6: “… OÎkoun êrxein ge toËde toË lÒgou pr°pon ∑n, éllå memn∞syai går oÈ KambÊs˙ oÈd¢ J°rj˙ junÒnta µ jumbouleÊonta, éllå Fil€ppou m¢n paid‹ ( =ÉAlejãndrƒ), ÑHrakle€d˙ d¢ épÚ g°nouw ka‹ Aﬁak€d˙, ˜tou oﬂ prÒgonoi §j ÖArgouw §w Makedon€an ∑lyon, oÈd¢ b€&, éllå nÒmƒ MakedÒnvn êrxontew diet°lesan. OÎkoun oÈd¢ aÈt“ t“ ÑHrakle› z«nti ¶ti ye›ai tima‹ parÉ ÑEllÆnvn §g°nonto, éllÉ oÈd¢ teleutÆsanti prÒsyen µ prÚw toË yeoË toË §n Delfo›w §piyespisy∞nai …w yeÚn timçn ÑHrakl°a. …” (Kallisthenes to Anaxarchos)]

M.B. Hatzopoulos, BE 1997, under No. 357.

[(12a) Julian, Orat. III: EÈseb€aw t∞w basil€dow §gk≈mion, 106C-D: MakedÒnvn går oﬁk€sai fas‹ tØn x≈ran toÁw ÑHrakl°ouw §ggÒnouw, Thm°nou pa›daw, o„ tØn ÉArge€an l∞jin nemÒmenoi ka‹ stasiãzontew t°low §poiÆsanto tØn époik€an t∞w prÚw éllÆlouw ¶ridow ka‹ filotim€aw: e‰ta •lÒntew tØn Makedon€an ka‹ g°now ˆlbion épolipÒntew basile›w §k basil°vn diet°loun kayãper kl∞ron tØn timØn diadexÒmenoi; and Íp¢r ÉArge€vn (28), 407C-D: …, ¥ te ÑHrakleid«n kãyodow …, ¥ te eﬁw MakedÒnaw §ke›yen époik€a …: Fil€ppou te gãr ka‹ ÉAlejãndrou t«n pãnu t«n progÒnvn patr‹w ∑n aÏth (=≤ pÒliw ÉArge€vn).]

[(13a) Lykophron, Alexandra, lines 799-804: mãntin d¢ nekrÚn EÈrutån st°cei le∆w/ ˜ t' aﬁpÁ na€vn TrampÊaw §d°ylion,/ §n √ pot' aÔyiw ÑHrakl∞ fy€sei drãkvn/ Tumfa›ow §n yo€naisin Aﬁy€kvn prÒmow,/ tÚn AﬁakoË te képÚ Pers°vw sporçw/ ka‹ Thmene€vn oÈk êpvyen aﬂmãtvn.]

[(14a) Malalas 161: pr«tow §bas€leusen ı Kãranow = N.G.L.Hammond (and G.T. Griffith), A History of Macedonia, II (Oxford, 1979) 35, under note 3.]

[(15a) Souda, MarsÊaw, Periãndrou, Pella›ow, ﬂstorikÚw. ... ¶grace Makedonikå §n bibl€oiw d°ka: ≥rjato d¢ épÚ toË pr≈tou basileÊsantow MakedÒnvn Karãnou [=ka‹] m°xri t∞w ÉAlejãndrou toË Fil€ppou §p‹ tØn Sur€an §fÒdou, ... = N.G.L.Hammond (and G.T. Griffith), A History of Macedonia, II (Oxford, 1979) 35, under note 3 (Hammond: Karãnou=ka€).]

[(16a) Ioannes Malalas, Chronographia, ed. Ioannes Thurn, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, vo. XXXV, Series Berolinensis (W. de Gruyter, 2000) 125, LOGOS EKTOS, 16 ÉEn d¢ to›w aÈto›w xrÒnoiw §bas€leusen ≤ Makedon€a x≈ra: §n √ pr«tow §bas€leusen ı KranaÚw ¶th khÉ . ka‹ loipÚn §bas€leusan êlloi kgÉ ßvw Fil€ppou. ∑san d¢ tÒte tå t«n ÑEllÆnvn didãskontew filÒsofoi ka‹ poihta‹ Sofokl∞w ka‹ ÑHrãkleitow ka‹ EÈrip€dhw ka‹ ÑHrÒdotow ka‹ Svkrãthw ka‹ ı m°gaw PuyagÒraw. ∑n d¢ ÑHrakl∞w gennhye‹w §n to›w proeirhm°noiw énvt°rv xrÒnoiw §n Lat“ t∞w Yhba˝dow, §k g°nouw Ípãrxvn toË ÑHrakl°ow toË §k t∞w ÉAlkmÆnhw ka‹ toË P€kou DiÒw: ... App. crit.: 32 KranaÚw OSI Cedr. 245,4: KarvnÚw ci. Chilm. 33 kgÉ OSI: kbÉ in app. crit. ci. Dind.: kwÉ Cedr. 245,5.] NOTE. KranaÚw = Kãranow.

ORACLE 2: Perdikkas=Diodoros, 7.16 (Const. Exc. 4, p. 274=LoebCL):

ÜOti Perd€kkaw tØn ﬁd€an basile€an aÈj∞sai boulÒmenow ±r≈thsen eﬁw DelfoÊw. ≤ d° ¶fh,

¶sti krãtow bas€leion égauo›w Thmen€daisi

ga€hw ploutofÒroio: d€dvsi går aﬁg€oxow ZeÊw.

éll' ‡y' §peigÒmenow Bouth€da prÚw polÊmhlon:

¶nya d' ên érgik°rvtaw ‡d˙w xion≈deaw a‰gaw

eÈnhy°ntaw Ópnƒ, ke€nhw xyonÚw §n dap°doisi

yËe yeo›w makãressi ka‹ êstu kt€ze pÒlhow.

The MS's Bouth€da (ad med. line 3) has been emended by some to Botth€da; see N. G. L. Hammond, History of Macedonia, II (l979), p. 8. Line 5: Ïpnƒ, an alternate reading of ÍpÉ ±«.

[Perdikkas, Oracle 2a]: Justin, 7.2: (1) Post hunc (sc. Caranum)

Perdicca regnavit, cuius et vita illustris, et mortis postrema, veluti

ex oraculo praecepta, memorabilia fuere. (2) Si quidem senex

moriens Argeo filio monstravit locum, quo condi vellet; ibique non

sua tantum, sed et succedentium sibi regum, ossa poni iussit; (3)

praefatus, "quoad ibi conditae posterorum reliquiae forent, regnum

in familia mansurum." (4) creduntque hac superstitione extinctam in

Alexandro stirpem, quia locum sepulturae mutaverit [=The Gests of King Alexander of Macedon, ed. Francis P. Magoun (Cambridge, MA,1929) 246 [Appendix II, The Compilation of St Albans from MS. Corpus Christi College 219, fol. 1r-6r]: Post hunc (=Ceranum) Perdica regnauit, cuius et uita illustris et mortis postrema, uelut ex oraculo, precepta memorabilia fuere. Siquidem senex moriens Argeonlion monstrauit locum, quo condi uellet; ibique non sua tantum, sed et succedentium sibi in regnum ossa poni iussit, etc.].

Eusebius, Chron. I, p. 169 [FGH III, 692, under PORPHYRII TYRII]

Deinde Tyrimmas annis tribus cum quadraginta. Postea Perdiccas annis quadraginta duobus. Hic proferendi regni cupidus, legationem Delphos misit. Tum paucis verbis interpositis, subdit (quis? Diodorus?) regnavisse Perdiccam annis octo et quadraginta (an. 42 supra), ab eoque dignitatem ad Argaeum devenisse: quem regno annis triginta unoque perfunctum excepit Philippus, …

Cf. Diodoros, 7.15-17.

ORACLE 3: Archelaos. This oracle (xrhsmÒw) is echoed in Dio

Chrysostom's Fourth Discourse on Kingship, 70-72: SÁ (sc. DiÒgenew), ¶fh (sc. ÉAl°jandrow), kele™Áeiw §m¢ dify°ran labe›n tÚn éf' ÑHrakl°ouw gegonÒta ka‹ tvn ÑEllÆnvn ≤gemÒna ka‹ MakedÒnvn basil°a; Pãnu ge, e‰pen, Àsper ı prÒgonÒw sou. Po›ow, ¶fh, prÒgonow; ÉArx°laow. µ oÈk aﬁpÒlow ∑n ı ÉArx°laow oÈd¢ ∑lyen eﬁw Makedon€an a‰gaw •laÊnvn; pÒteron oÔn aÈtÚn §n porfÊr& mçllon µ §n dify°r& o‡ei toËto poie›n; ka‹ ı ÉAl°jandrow éne€yh te ka‹ §g°lase ka‹ ¶fh, Tå per‹ tÚn xrhsmÒn, Œ DiÒgenew, l°geiw; ı d¢ strufn“ t“ pros≈pƒ, Po›on, ¶fh, xrhsmÒn; oÔk e‰da ¶gvge plØn ˜ti aﬁpÒlow ∑n ı ÉArx°laow ....

Oracle 3a, Archelaos: In Hygini Fabulae [ed. H. I. Rose, A. W. Sijthoff, 1934], 143-

144, CCXIX. ARCHELAUS, Archelaus Temeni filius exsul a fratribus eiectus in

Macedoniam ad regem Cisseum uenit, qui cum a finitimis oppugnaretur Archelao

regnum et filiam in coniugium dare pollicetur si se ab hoste tutatus esset

Aarchelaus, quia ab Hercule esset oriundus (10), nam Temenus Herculis filius fuit.

2. qui hostes uno proelio fugauit et ab rege pollicita petit. ille ab amicis dissuasus

fidem fraudauit eumque per dolum interficere uoluit. 3. itaque foueam iussit fieri

et multos carbones eo ingeri et incendi et super uirgulta tenuia poni, quo cum

Archelaus uenisset ut decideret. 4. hoc regis seruus Archelao (15) patefecit; qui

re cognita dicit se cum rege colloqui uelle secreto; arbitris semotis Archelaus

regem arreptum in foueam coniecit atque ita eum perdidit. 5. inde profugit ex

responso Apollinis in Macedoniam capra duce, oppidumque ex nomine caprae

Aegeas constituit. ab hoc Alexander Magnus oriundus esse dicitur.

The implied Oracle 3, together with 3a, has commonalities with Oracles 1

and 2 in that all mention the a‰j-capra, while Oracles

2 and 3 also speak of the founding of a city, êstu pÒlhow and

oppidum respectively. The other commonality of these oracles is

that their origin is attributed to Delphi. The oracles, as

transmitted, represent three traditions concerning the founding of

the Makedonian dynasty, or perhaps more correctly two traditions,

because the Karanos oracle (Oracle 1 above) simply extends the

Makedonian dynasty by three kings before Perdikkas I. The

introduction of Archelaos, as the founder of the Makedonian dynasty,

is attributed to Euripides, and fragments